Professional Documents
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1.1 Water 1.2 Carbohydrates 1.3 Lipids 1.4 Proteins 1.5 Nucleic Acids 1.6 Analytical techniques
1.1 WATER
Water Molecule
Hydrogen bonds
substances like salts, which contain charged ions & some non-ionic substances such as sugars that contain polar groups. This substances have OH, -COOH, -NH2, -CO- and PO4 groups. Water molecules can surround polar groups after weakening & separating inter-molecular or inter-ionic bonds within a substance such as in sodium chloride .
5. Sucrose, an organic substance is soluble in water as water molecules interact & surround the sugar molecules breaking down their inter-molecular bonds. Water molecules are linked through hydrogen bonds. 6. Water is a liquid at room temperature. Each molecule of water can form a maximum of four such bonds with different molecules of water. Under room temperature, about 20% hydrogen bonds exist in water. The lower the temperature, the more hydrogen bonds are formed.
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6. At 0 oC, it freezes where all the molecules are involved in forming the three-dimensional structure of ice. This explains why ice expands when it is formed and has a lower density. Example : ice floats on water. 7. Because of the chemical properties, the physiological roles of water : (a) Provides a medium for reactions to take place. (b) Acts as a solvent to transport substances in the blood of animals, or in xylem and phloem of plants.
(c) Water ionises and acts as substrates for photolysis during photosynthesis and hydrolysis reactions during digestion of food. (d) Water interacts with macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and molecules in the lipoprotein membrane structure. Water molecules surround these macromolecules making their structures more stable and maintaining their three dimensional structures to perform their functions.
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A Pond in Winter
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Water skater
Water dissolves many substances by surrounding charged particles and pulling them into solution
Viscosity of water (low; movement) Specific heat capacity (temperature) Latent heat of evaporation of water (cooling effect) Surface tension (transportation) Density (freezing-free)
Questions
1. Which of the following properties of water are not important or the functions of human plasma? I Good solvent II High heat capacity III Highest density at 4oC IV Low viscosity V High surface tension A. I and II C. III and V B. II and IV D. I, II and V
Questions
2. Which of the following contributes the most to the polar nature of the water molecule? [2008] A. Polar substances are able to dissolve in water. B. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. C. The angle between hydrogen atoms is 104.3o. D. Hydrogen is bonded by covalent bonds with oxygen.
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