SB027: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY & ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER 1 : CELL DIVISION

CHAPTER 1 : CELL DIVISION

1.1

The Concept of Cell Division

The Cell Cycle

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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Explain

cell division. State the importance of cell division in living organisms. Explain the stages in cell cycle.
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CONCEPT OF CELL DIVISION

Modern cell theory: All new

cells are derived from other cell.

Genetic material inherited from

one generation to the next.

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Importance of cell division

Unicellular organism divides & forms

duplicate offspring. Produce progeny from some multicellular organisms (plants that grow from cuttings). Sexually reproducing organisms develop from a single cell. Cell renewal & repair.
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 Cell division involves karyokinesis &

cytokinesis
two types of karyokinesis:
1. Mitosis - daughter cells having the same

number of chromosomes as the parent.

2. Meiosis daughter cells having only half

the number of chromosomes found in the parent cell.

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 A cells endowment of DNA, its genetic

information, is called its genome.

A dividing cell duplicates its DNA.

The two copies separated to opposite

ends. Only then split into daughter cells. So that each daughter cell ends up with a complete genome.
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 replication and distribution of so much

DNA is manageable because the DNA molecules are packaged into chromosomes.
DNA is associated with histone proteins

that maintain the structure.

Every eukaryotic species has unique

number of chromosomes.
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 This DNA protein complex, called

chromatin, is organized into a long, thin fiber.

Then DNA duplicates. Chromatin condenses: densely

coiled and folded, making the chromosome much shorter and so thick.
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 Each duplicated chromosome has

two sister chromatids, containing identical copies of the chromosomes DNA molecule.
In its condensed form, chromosome

has a narrow waist at a specialized region called the centromere.

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THE CELL CYCLE

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THE CELL CYCLE

1.

2.

3.

The cell cycle is the complete sequence of events in the life of an individual diploid cell. Mitotic (M) phase (10%) alternates with much longer interphase (G1, S and G2) 90%. The four stages of the cell cycle; i. G1 The first growth phase ii. S Phase iii. G2 second growth phase iv. Mitosis

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THE CELL CYCLE

i.

G1 The first growth phase Longest phase. Volume of cytoplasm increase Protein synthesis. Increase number of organelles - In form of growing chromatin (long, thin)
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ii. S phase

- DNA synthesis phase. - The cells DNA replicates & now consist of two identical chromatids (sister chromatids).

iii. G2 The second growth phase

- grows more - Completes preparations for cell division. - Energy stores are increased.
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iv. Mitosis

Divides the nucleus & distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei. Followed by cytokinesis - divides the cytoplasm. Accounts for about 10% of the cycle.

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