Palawan State University College of Community Resources Development Brookes Point, Palawan

Subject: Ed. 7 Educational Technology Topic: Educational Movements in the 19th Century Reporters: Rosalina Ibrahim, Myrna Saguiran, Melhasan Indanan, Marianne Mariposa, Sweet Grace Dalabajan and Abbylenne Malong

Educational Technology

Educational Movements and Technologies in the 19th Century

Famous are the works of John Dewey and Edward Lee Thorndike.
Dewey, an American Pragmatist, formulated the scientific theory of learning.
Thorndike, a Connectionist , advanced the three primary laws of learning.

John Dewey, an American philosopher and educator who was a founder of the philosophical movement known as pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, and a leader of the progressive movement in education in the United States.
SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF LEARNING

Source: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Dewey

Edward Lee "Ted" Thorndike was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University. His work on animal behavior and the learning process led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology.
THREE PRIMARY LAWS OF LEARNING

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndike

The Primary Laws of Learning are the following:

1. Law of Readiness 2. Law of Exercise 3. Law of Effect

19th century paved the way to the development of effective educational technology, including:

Production of books Use of blackboards Improvement of writing implements like pen and ink.

Production of books.
Iron press

In the 19th century a whole new era in publishing began. A series of technical developments, in the book trade as in other industries, dramatically raised output and lowered costs. The iron press, and a lot more these inventions, developed through the century and often resisted by the printer, amounted to a revolution in book production.

Sources: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19thcentury-to-the-present http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1

Use of blackboards.
Teachers no longer had to spend so much time writing individual problems and lessons on a single students slate, but could speak to an entire class where everyone had the benefit of seeing the board.

School Slate and Slate Pencil

Source: http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/

Improvement of writing implements like pen and ink.

Starting in the early 19th century, steel point pens began to replace the use of quills as writing instruments. Now, those pens have become highly collectible pieces that are admired for their elegance as well as their historical function.

Sources: http://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.html

Photography
Photography was invented giving way to a movement call visual instruction. By 1920, visual media became widely accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts.
Footprint on the Moon [Lunar, 1969]
Source: http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/

Sample Visual Instructions

Kodak Brownie Camera during 19th Century.

Brownie is the name of a long-running popular series of simple and inexpensive cameras made by Eastman Kodak. The Brownie popularized low-cost photography and introduced the concept of the snapshot. The first Brownie, introduced in February, 1900.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownie_(camera)

Educational Films
In 1926, educational films were used as instructional media. In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired at the State University of Iowa.

In 1969, the childrens program Sesame Street debuts on the National Educational Television network (later public broadcasting service) and soon becomes an international hit.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334#btnNext

About the same time, the 16mm sound motion picture was developed.

16 mm film is a popular, economical gauge of film used for motion pictures and non-theatrical (for instance, industrial or educational) film making. 16 mm is the width of the film.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film

16 mm cameras and projectors.

Second World War

The experiences of the American soldiers showed the importance of educational devices such as:

Movies Filmstrips Radio Other Pictorial Devices

Movies
Most of the films in the 19th century was about the soldiers and wars because it serves as a tribute in World War 2.
Source: http://www.imdb.com/list/dtKsVaonRBI/

Filmstrips
From the 1940s to 1980s, filmstrips provided an easy and inexpensive alternative to 16mm projector educational films, requiring very little storage space and being very quick to rewind for the next use. Filmstrips were large and durable, and rarely needed splicing.

Muhammad Ali filmstrips

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmstrip

Radio
The word "radio" also appears in a 1907 article by Lee De Forest. It was adopted by the United States Navy in 1912, to distinguish radio from several other wireless communication technologies, such as the photophone.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio

Pictorial Devices
Pictorial device: a technique in which a visual strategy or an aspect of design is used for a particular picture-making purpose (for example, using linear perspective and tonal devices to give the illusion of space in a drawing).

Source: http://en.mimi.hu/finearts/pictorial.html

Other Pictorial Devices

Self Portrait with Brush and Pictorial Device (Oil Canvas)

Pictorial device for metal and gold detecting.

After the war more developments in educational technology were seen like:

The use programmed instruction by Skinner. The Taxonomy of educational objectives by Bloom. The use of modularized instruction.

Burrhus Frederic "B. F." Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, innovated his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism, and founded his own school of experimental research psychology the experimental analysis behavior.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner

The use programmed instruction by Skinner.

Programmed instruction is an instructional method in which the material to be learned is presented to the student in small chunks of information. In order to progress through the material, the student needs to demonstrate understanding of the previous information, thereby receiving instant reinforcement for correct responses.

Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htm

Benjamin Samuel Bloom was an American educational psychologist who made contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery learning.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bloom

The Taxonomy of educational objectives by Bloom.

Cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge) Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (Skills)
Source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html

The use of modularized instruction.

This is how-to book how to design, select, use, and evaluate instructional modules.

Source: http://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdf

Other Educational Technologies during 19th Century.

In 1946, the first fully electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), is unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC

The Osborne 1 was the first commercially successful portable microcomputer, released on April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation. The first laptop that was commercialized, with a small 5 CRT monitor and a keyboard that sits inside of the lid when closed.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_1 http://www.historyofcomputer.org/

In 1977, Japan Victor Company (JVC) introduces the VHS format video cassette recorder.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334#btnNext

A floppy disk, or diskette, is a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dust particles.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk

In 1983, Compact disc (CD-ROM was invented by James T. Russell) technology is introduced in the United States.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc

1990s Connecting the World

Tim Berners-Lee
Developed HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and the WWW (World Wide Web) was born.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html

Thank you! God bless!