INTRODUCTION IN MACROSCOPIC GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Organs
PARENCHYMATOUS (brain, lung, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney)
compact structure

TUBULAR (intestine, vessels, trachea, ureters, esophagus)

muscular thin wall lumen long axis cut for lumen view (rectangle shape)

CAVITARY
muscular thin wall lumen long axis cut for lumen view (nonrectangular/irregular shape)

MUSCULO-CAVITARY (heart, uterus)

muscular thick wall cavity/cavitys

MEMBRANOUS (dura mater)

thin membrane

Parenchymatous
The Brain
gyrus and sulcus at surface (uncut organ) grey and white substance (on cut sections)

Parenchymatous
The Lung
anthracotic pigment on surface examination lumens (eventually - sponge-like appearance) on cut surface

Parenchymatous
The Liver
lumens on cut surface gall bladder or gall bladder bed surface

Parenchymatous
The Spleen
no lumens on cut surface

Parenchymatous
The Pancreas
acinar structure on close-up examination of the cut surface

Parenchymatous
The Kidney
bean-like shape cortex on cut surface medulla (pyramids) on cut surface

Tubular
The Intestine
tubular (rectangular shape) parallel mucosal folds, perpendicular on long axis of the organ supplemental, large intestine have a longitudinal muscle (taenia) on the other side

Tubular
The Vessels
ramifications or ramifications origins

Tubular
The Ureters
link between kidney and urinary bladder

Tubular
The Esophagus

Cavitary
The Stomach
cavitary (irregular edges) parallel mucosal folds, parallel with long axis of the organ

Cavitary
The Gall bladder
small cavitary organ in relationship with liver

Cavitary
The Urinary bladder
cavitary organ (usually irregular edges) mucosal folds with angular pattern

Musculo-cavitary
The Heart
Thick muscular walls with trabecular pattern more than one cavity

Musculo-cavitary
The Uterus
Thick muscular wall one cavity annexes

Membranous
Dura Mater
sinus sagitalis (eventually)

Elementary lesions

Plan lesions:
On surfaces 2D lesions
surfaces = skin, mucosal surfaces, serosal surfaces (pleural; pericardial; peritoneal surfaces)

Classification
local plan lesions (ex. naevi)

generalized plan lesions (ex. albinism)

Nodular lesions:
On the surfaces and in the thickness of organs - well define, 3D round/oval shape Classification:
submiliary (< 2mm diameter) miliary (2-5mm diameter) nodular (5 mm 5 cm diameter)

macronodular (> 5 cm diameter)

Ulcero-necrotizing lesions:
On the surfaces and in the thickness of organs A substance-loose/destructive lesion
Skin: cuts and scrapes, fistulas Mucosa: erosions/ulcerations; ulcer Organs: cavitations/cavernous lesions (cavity bordered by parenchyma tissue)

Exophytic (vegetative) lesions:

On the surfaces, substance overgrowth
Pediculated (with pedicle) = narrow base insertion (ex.: pediculated polyps) Sessile = large base insertion (ex.: sessile polyps)

Cystic lesions
On surfaces and in the thickness of organs
cavity bordered by its own fibrous wall

On surfaces: vesicles In the thickness: cysts Diverse liquid content

Malformative lesions
a large diversity of congenital (inborn) lesions