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Think about 2.1 Biotechnology in medicine 2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture Recall Think about Summary concept map

Vitamin A deficiency can result in night blindness and weakened immunity. It affects over 250 million people each year. I cant see in dim light.
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Our body can synthesize vitamin A from beta-carotene.

Scientists have successfully transferred the genes for producing beta-carotene from maize and bacteria to rice plants.
genes

The resultant Golden Rice can produce high levels of beta-carotene in its grains.

In the future, vitamin A deficiency may be prevented by eating this Golden Rice.

In addition to beta-carotene, what other useful products can be produced from genetic engineering

What are the advantages of genetic engineering over traditional breeding in crop improvement

2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Production of pharmaceutical products

human insulin similar processes human growth hormone vaccines monoclonal antibodies ()
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

1 Human growth hormone (HGH)

secreted from the pituitary gland important in development of bones and muscles deficiency:

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

1 Human growth hormone (HGH)

HGH was extracted from the pituitary gland of dead people limited supply contaminated with pathogens

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

1 Human growth hormone (HGH)

recombinant HGH unlimited amount pure low cost

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

1 Human growth hormone (HGH)

bacteria are commonly used - provide plasmids that act as vectors - serve as host cells - can be transformed easily - can grow rapidly - can grow in inexpensive culture media - relatively stable culture
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

2 Vaccines
antigenic proteins can be produced by recombinant DNA technology e.g. vaccines against hepatitis B

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

2 Vaccines
Prepare a recombinant plasmid
gene for viral surface protein plasmid

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

2 Vaccines
Introduce the recombinant plasmid into a yeast cell

yeast cell
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

2 Vaccines
Culture GM yeast on a large scale

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

2 Vaccines
According to the genetic information of the viral gene, the GM yeast produces the viral surface protein

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

2 Vaccines
The viral surface protein is collected and purified for use

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

2 Vaccines
traditional hepatitis B vaccines contain the whole viruses viruses may become active and infectious recombinant hepatitis B vaccines contain only a viral surface protein safer to use
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

3 Monoclonal antibodies
antibodies produced by the cell clones derived from a single parent B cell highly specific

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

3 Monoclonal antibodies
i) For diagnosis of diseases recognize the surface proteins of cancer cells in tissue samples

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

3 Monoclonal antibodies
ii) For developing sensitive tests home pregnancy tests bind to human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in urine

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

3 Monoclonal antibodies
iii) For isolating and purifying important biological molecules specific to the molecule of interest

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

3 Monoclonal antibodies
early monoclonal antibodies were produced using B cells from mice

could stimulate an immune response in humans limited therapeutic use

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

3 Monoclonal antibodies
recombinant monoclonal antibodies: a human antibody with a small part of a mouse monoclonal antibody less likely to be destroyed in the human body

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

3 Monoclonal antibodies
recombinant monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of some forms of cancer - linked with a toxic drug or a radioactive substance

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy
to treat a disease by supplementing the defective gene with a normal gene vectors for transferring a normal gene into a target cell e.g. harmless viruses

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy
ex vivo () gene therapy: cells are genetically modified outside the body and then put back into the patient

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy
in vivo () gene therapy: cells are genetically modified inside the body
vectors with normal genes

direct transfer of normal genes into cells

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy
germ line gene therapy () : corrects the genetic material of gametes or zygotes

genetic correction is inheritable done on animals only

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy
somatic cell gene therapy ( ) : corrects the genetic material of somatic cells genetic correction is not inheritable all human trials are of this type
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy
Potential benefits treat genetic diseases, cancer and infectious diseases as a preventive measure against diseases correct a disease before it develops and help remove all the defective genes in the human population
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy
Potential hazards viral vectors cause diseases viral vectors cause severe immune reactions insertion of new genes affects the expression of existing genes
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy
Potential hazards new genes wrongly transported into non-target cells, produce too much of the missing protein or produce the protein at the wrong time patient repeatedly exposed to possible hazards when repeated gene therapy is required

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

unspecialized cells unlimited mitotic cell division can differentiate into different kinds of cells

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

embryonic stem cells from blastocysts can differentiate into almost any cell types

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

adult stem cells from childhood or adult tissues like bone marrow, blood, skeletal muscles can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

stem cells may be used to replace damaged or abnormal cells in the treatment of diseases e.g. bone marrow, peripheral blood () and cord blood () containing blood stem cells are used in the treatment of blood diseases
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

e.g. human embryonic stem cells
human blastocyst

isolate embryonic stem cells

cultured embryonic stem cells

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

e.g. human embryonic stem cells
induce the cells to differentiate into specific cell types

insulin-producing cells for treating type 1 diabetes

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

e.g. human embryonic stem cells
induce the cells to differentiate into specific cell types

cardiac muscle cells for treating heart disease

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

e.g. human embryonic stem cells
induce the cells to differentiate into specific cell types

neurones for treating spinal cord injuries, Parkinsons disease

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

isolation of embryonic stem cells involves destruction of human embryos controversial adult stem cells occur in low number, are difficult to isolate and can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

human skin cells were successfully re-programmed to become unspecialized cells in 2007

unspecialized cells
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

human skin cells were successfully re-programmed to become unspecialized cells in 2007 may act as a limitless source of immune-compatible cells for transplantation

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

questions to be answered How can we induce embryonic stem cells to differentiate into each of the desired cell types?

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Stem cell therapy

questions to be answered
How long can the transplanted cells last in the body? Are re-programmed cells safe to use in therapy?
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

1 Some examples of pharmaceutical

products using biotechnology include human insulin, human growth hormone, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies .

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

2 Monoclonal antibodies are

antibodies produced by the cell clones derived from a single parent B cell.

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Gene therapy is to treat a disease by supplementing the defective gene with a normal gene.

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

Germ line gene therapy Affects gametes and zygotes Genetic correction is inheritable

Somatic cell gene therapy Affects somatic cells Genetic correction is not inheritable
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

5 Potential benefits of gene therapy: a It may treat genetic diseases,

cancer and infectious diseases.

b It may be used as a

preventive measure against diseases.

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

5 Potential benefits of gene therapy: c It may correct a disease before

the disease develops in the individuals and help remove all the defective genes in the human population.
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

6 Potential hazards of gene therapy: a Viral vectors may gain the ability
to cause diseases during modification.

b Viral vectors may cause severe

immune reactions .
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

6 Potential hazards of gene therapy: c The insertion of new genes

may affect the expression of existing genes.

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

6 Potential hazards of gene therapy: d The new genes may be wrongly

transported into non-target cells. They may also produce too much of the missing protein or produce the protein at the wrong time. This results in other health problems.
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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

6 Potential hazards of gene therapy: e The patient is repeatedly exposed

to possible hazards when repeated gene therapy is required.

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2.1 Biotechnology in medicine

7 Stem cells may be used in the

treatment of type 1 diabetes, heart disease, muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injuries, Parkinsons disease, etc.

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

What are transgenic organisms?

organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering

Golden Rice

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

transgenic organisms are useful in scientific research for the study of gene functions as disease models for toxicity tests for new products

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

Transgenic plants in agriculture and the food industry

many transgenic plants are major crops
maize (31%)

soya bean (52%)

canola (5%)

cotton (12%)
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

Transgenic plants in agriculture and the food industry

many transgenic plants are major crops for food use and as parents in traditional breeding introduce genes for improving the yields or nutritional value of crops
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

1 Herbicide resistant soya beans and maize

weeds can be killed by herbicide

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

2 Pest resistant maize and cotton

toxin is pest-specific reduces the use of chemical pesticides

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

3 Disease resistant papayas

viral resistant

non-transgenic

prevents crops from being damaged by diseases reduces the use of chemical pesticides
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

4 Rice, wheat and tomatoes tolerant to cold, drought or high salinity of soil

crops can be grown in winter, dry climates and on saline lands

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

5 Tomatoes with a longer shelf life

nontransgenic

transgenic

reduces the loss of fruits fruits of better quality

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

6 Soya beans, canola and rice with improved nutritional value

higher levels of good lipids help prevent heart disease

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

6 Soya beans, canola and rice with improved nutritional value

Animation

higher levels of beta-carotene, vitamin E, iron, zinc or lysine prevent dietary deficiencies

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

Transgenic animals in agriculture and the food industry

introduce genes for improving the productivity and quality of farm animals

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

1 Fast-growing salmon

nontransgenic

transgenic

decreases overfishing of wild salmon

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

2 Cold resistant salmon expands the area for fish farming 3 Transgenic pigs that produce more lean tissue and less fat improves human health

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

4 Transgenic goats that produce milk with improved composition and production

produces lactose-free milk suitable for people who cannot tolerate lactose
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

4 Transgenic goats that produce milk with improved composition and production

produces milk with a lower level of bad lipids which is healthier for the heart
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

4 Transgenic goats that produce milk with improved composition and production

increases milk production

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

5 Transgenic sheep that produce more wool of better quality

improves the quality of wool increases wool production

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

6 Transgenic pigs that produce 60% less phosphorus in their manure

reduces pollution caused by manure

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

Transgenic organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering.

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

2 Uses of transgenic plants and

animals in scientific research:

a They are used for the study of

gene functions.

b They act as disease models. c They are used for toxicity

tests for new products.
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

3 Examples of desirable characteristics

built into transgenic plants: resistance to herbicides, pests and diseases tolerance to cold , drought or high salinity of soil
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

3 Examples of desirable characteristics

built into transgenic plants: delayed softening or ripening improved nutritional value

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

4 Examples of desirable characteristics

built into transgenic animals: faster growth cold resistance improved meat or milk composition and production
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

4 Examples of desirable characteristics

built into transgenic animals: improved wool quality and production manure with low levels of phosphorus
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

5 Uses of transgenic plants and

animals in agriculture:

a Transgenic plants and animals

with improved productivity and quality are produced. They may provide a more reliable food supply for all people.
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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

5 Uses of transgenic plants and

animals in agriculture:

b They can be used as

in traditional breeding.

parents

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2.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

5 Uses of transgenic plants and

animals in agriculture:

c They can help protect the

environment by reducing the use of chemical pesticides or producing less polluting manure .
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In addition to beta-carotene, what other useful products can be produced from genetic engineering?

Human insulin, human growth factor, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies can be produced from genetic engineering.
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What are the advantages of genetic engineering over traditional breeding in crop improvement?

Genetic engineering provides a quicker and more precise method to modify the genetic make-up and hence the characteristics of crops.

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What are the advantages of genetic engineering over traditional breeding in crop improvement?

It also allows the transfer of new characteristics from completely non-related species.
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Biotechnology
applications in medicine include

production of gene stem cell pharmaceutical therapy therapy products

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production of pharmaceutical products

examples

human insulin

vaccines

monoclonal antibodies

human growth hormone

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gene therapy
divided into

germ line gene therapy

somatic cell gene therapy

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Biotechnology
used to produce

transgenic plants and animals

used in agriculture to improve

productivity

quality
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