UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK, 94300 KOTA SAMARAHAN, SARAWAK

SSA2024: FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DECISION MAKING MODEL: STRATEGIC PLANNING

Prepared by:

Bil. 1. 2. 3.

Name AKMAL IZZATI BT. ABU BAKAR FATIN SYAMIMI BT IMRAN IRNI MARFUZAH BT ISMAIL

Matric No. 29491 30203 30442

4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

NUR ASMILA SYAZWANI BT AHMAD SUKRI

NUR DINNI BT ISMAIL NUR ELIA BT. ABDULLAH SHUHIMI NURSYAZANA BT ABDULLAH SHUHIMI SITI NUR ALLAIYAH BT ROSLAN SITI SUHANA BT. MOHD YUSOF ZARIDA BINTI ZANILABDDIN

32040
32074 32078 34055 34156 33070 33577

Prepared for: Miss Lee Pei May

INTRODUCTION:DECISION MAKING
Everyday we are involve in making a decision in order to achieve our vision and mission Making a decision not only occur in organizations but also in a personally that have interest to get what they want The output of decision making can be an action or an opinion of choice. One of the element that exist in a decision making is a strategic planning Decision making model is the process for concluding which decisions need to be made and how to find alternatives for each decision.

DECISION MAKING MODEL : STRATEGIC PLANNING

Be applied to regional and crisis situations. It is about top-down implementation and can also be about reinterpreting past and current actions. Processes of creating that consist of mission, vision to achieve their goal There are three ways which strategic planning can affect foreign policy:

through the plans the planning the planners.

Planning is not just limited to plans but also about the patterns of thinking that best match resources and capabilities to achieving the desired policy ends. In other words, if the planners are thought to be capable and strategically minded, they will be more likely to influence responses to new and unanticipated events. Decision maker need to identify its strategy, direction and resource to achieve

The challenge for policy planning is the ability of these units to balance planning and operational roles. The fundamental constraint on policy planning was the impossibility of having the planning function performed outside of the line of command. The operating unitsthe geographical and functional unitswill not take interference from any unit outside the line of command.

IMPACT OF STRATEGIC PLANNING

POSITIVE: It brings a systematic, clear and smooth role for the foreign policy decision making process. Every decision maker to perform a highly intelligent cooperation in way to establish state foreign policy.

NEGATIVE There are too many interference that may result misunderstanding for the existence of think tank and NGO. There may be irrelevant for sometimes in implementing the strategic planning. Lack of objectives (means that does not have a specific set of tasks it is competent in and it has no vision for the future).

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962)

The closest the world has come to a nuclear exchange occurred President John F. Kennedy and Premier Krushchev face each other over Cuba

To

deter a US invasion of Cuba To counter American superiority in nuclear missile strength, secretly began by placing intermediate-range missile in Cuba

THE EVENT OF CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

Oct 22: President Kennedy announced on television that a nuclear attack on the US from Cuba would be respond to as an attack from the Soviet Union Oct, 4 1962:First nuclear warhead arrived in Cuba Oct, 14 1962: U-2 spy plane flew over Cuba and revealed that several missile sites were under construction. The presence of nuclear missile in Cuba was an unacceptable threat to US national security interest

1. Formation of Ex Com (special national security advisor)

4. Insisted on negotiation rather than unilateral action

Decision making

2. Ignoring the missile to a fullscale invasion

3. Decided a naval quarantine- the best way to confront and as an initial step that would not close-off options

STRATEGIC PLANNING: PRES. KENNEDY ACTION

Emphasized flexibility in the negotiation Controlling the escalation of the Crisis-both side had several option Careful not to act precipitously Resisted the temptation to strike out at Castro and Krushchev Designed Executive Committee (ExComm) Ensured that all options, favor or unfavoured were thoughtfully scrutinized Insist on negotiation rather than unilateral action

FORMATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE(EX-COMM) a team of special national security advisors important factor: the fact that a high percentage of the Ex-Comm members were lawyer tended to approach the whole problem within the context of international law tend to overvalue legal consideration and view policy issues as question of law Ex: the legality figured prominently in the discussion over how to approach the missile crisis.

provide invaluable insight and commentary by working out the various alternatives and option the nature and direction of entire decisionmaking process was shaped by the individual and collective personalities involved 3 important decisions:

To

use a blockage as opposed to an air strike To seek an O.A.S authorizing resolution The manner of approach to the U.N

MORAL REASONS FORMATION OF EXCOMM Concerned about the human costs inherent in such a course of action Blockage: offered more flexibility and fewer liabilities than a military attack

President John F. Kennedy

On November 20, 1962, Just over a month after the Cuban Missile crisis began, President John F. Kennedy lifted the naval blockade after hearing that Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev had ordered the Soviet missile bases in Cuba be dismantled within 30 days. Kennedy also agreed to the removal of US missiles from the Soviet border in Turkey.

Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev

CONCLUSION
Strategic planning is more like a planning to a state to make the decision. But strategic planning may have positive and negative impacts. Due to human beings that are imperfect. Strategic planning is one of the option for a state in order to make a decision for foreign policy. Its also a plan for making a best solution for certain crisis.

For Ex-Comm:
The members were saddled with a great responsibility during those days of the Cuban Missile Crisis The composition of group, diverse and far-ragging in its political orientations, determined to a large degree, the nature of their interaction and the advice they offered to the President. The balance between the aggressive and the more conciliatory element within the group produced a creative tension that resulted in a successful plan of action They succeeded in both, maintaining the prestige of U.S. and in preventing the escalation of a conflict which held the potential for nuclear war.

REFERENCES
The Challenging Fututre of Strategic Planning in Foreign Policy, Accessed at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/press/books/1/1/avoidingtriv ia/avoidingtrivia_chapter.pdf on 8 November 2013 Strategic-Planning Process accessed at http://www.sergaygroup.com/Smart- Talk/Strategic-Planning-Process.html on 8 November 2013 Naval Blockade Ended on this Day in 1962, available at http://pdxretro.com/2011/11/naval-blockade-ended-on-this-day-in1962/ on 11 November 2013 The Role of the Executive Committee in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Accessed at http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/pavy.htm on 12 November 2013