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1 UNDERSTANDING

WAVES
WAVES

wave
WAVEFRONT WAVE PROPAGATION GRAPH AMPLITUDE ( a ) PERIOD ( T ) FREQUENCY ( f ) WAVELENGTH ( ) DISPLACEMENT-TIME DISPLACEMENT-DISTANCE TYPE OF WAVE TRANSVERSE WAVE LIGHT WAVE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

WATER WAVE LONGITUDINAL WAVE

WAVESPEED ( v )
SOUND WAVE

A) WAVE MOTION

1. Wave : a) Is a travelling disturbance (particle) from a vibrating (bergetar) or oscillating (berayun) source. b) As a wave travels, it carries energy along with it in the direction of its propagation (perambatan).
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2. Definition Of Wave Motion

The movement of a distortion of a material or
medium, where the individual parts or elements of the material only move back-andforth, up-and-down, or in a cyclical pattern. OR The transfer of energy from one location/ point to another location/ point without transfer of matter (particle)

3. Examples of vibrating / oscillating system

a) Vibrating spring

b) Vibrating dipper (pencelup) on surface of water

c) Vibrating of tuning folk (tala bunyi)

4. MEDIUM
Meaning :Substance or material that carries the wave Sound Ocean Slinky spring People in a stadium
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STADIUM WAVE

Two main types of waves: A)Transverse waves (gelombang melintang) B) Longitudinal waves (gelombang membujur)
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5. TYPES OF WAVES

I. Transverse Waves
a) Wave moves left to right or viceversa
b) Particles (disturbance) vibrates up and down c) Meaning : The direction of propagation of wave is perpendicular to the direction of vibration of particle
Direction of vibration of particle

Direction of propagation of wave

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Transverse Wave

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d) Examples of transverse wave

i. Water wave ii. Light wave iii. Electromagnetic waves such as gamma

ray, X-ray, radio wave, , ultraviolet wave and microwave

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f). Part of Transverse Wave : i. Crest (Puncak) = top of wave ii.Trough (Lembangan) = bottom of wave

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II. Longitudinal Waves

a) Wave travels left to right // right to left b) Particles (disturbance) vibrates left to right // right to left c) Meaning : Direction of propagation of wave is parallel to the direction of vibration of particle
Direction of vibration of particle

Direction of propagation of wave

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Longitudinal waves

d) Examples :
i. Sound wave ii. Seismic wave
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f) Part of Longitudinal Wave : i. Compression (Mampatan)- particles are closest together ii. Rarefaction (Regangan) particles are further apart

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WAVEFRONT (Muka Gelombang)

a) Meaning : The line that joints all the
points of same phase (garisan yang menyambungkan titik-titik yang sama fasa) b) E.g : the line that joint one point on the crest to another point of consecutive (berturutan) crest. Refer Page 6 : Figure 1.1.6
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c) Two types of wavefront : i. Circular wavefront ii. Plane wavefront

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d) - Refer Page 6 and draw Figure 1.1.5

Wavefront shows dark (dim) and bright line alternately (berselang-seli) because : i. Crest of wave react as convex lens (kanta cembung) ii. Its converges (menumpukan) the light and produce bright line on the screen iii. Trough of wave react as concave lens (kanta cekung) iv. Its diverges (mencapahkan) the light and produce dark / dim line on the screen
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TERMINOLOGIES OF WAVES
A) Amplitude B) Period C) Frequency D) Wavelength (Lambda) E) Wave speed / velocity
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1) Amplitude, a
i. Meaning :
- Maximum displacement from equilibrium line (sesaran maksimum dari garis keseimbangan) ii. = Displacement from crest / trough to equilibrium line iii. Is equal to energy of wave iv. SI unit : m or cm
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Amplitude

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i. Meaning :

2) Period, T

- Time taken for one complete oscillation or vibration ii. Formula : T = 1 (f = frequency) f iii. SI unit : second (s) // Hz-1
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i. Meaning :

3) Frequency, f

ii. Formula :

- The number of complete oscillation / vibration /waves in one second (or in one period time)

f = 1 T iii. SI unit : Hertz (Hz) // s-1 iv. Example : Frequency 90.1 MHz means 90.1 x 106 vibrations in one second
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i. Meaning :

4) Wavelength, (Lambda)

- The distance between two adjacent points which has same phase ii. Examples : - The distance between one crest to adjacent crest // one trough to adjacent trough iii. SI unit : m
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5) Wave speed (Velocity),v

i. Meaning :
- The measurement of how fast a wave is moving from a fixed point -1 -1 ii.SI unit : m s // cm s

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A) Displacement distance graph

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B) Displacement time Graph

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A) DISPLACEMENT DISTANCE GRAPH

(m)

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B) DISPLACEMENT TIME GRAPH

m

Period, T

Time (s)
Period, T

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Wavelength

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6. Relationship : Wave formula

As frequency increases
a) Wavespeed increases b) Wavelength decreases c) Energy increases

f = v

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7. Example :

SOLUTION ????

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8. Oscillating System a) Simple Pendulum

One complete oscillation is from A to B to C, back to B and to A.

Period, T = 2 l g

l = length of pendulum g = acceleration due to gravity

T=4

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b) Loaded Spring

Period, T = 2 m
k

m = mass of load
k = stiffness of spring // spring constant

T=4

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DAMPING AND RESONANCE

A) Damping (Pelembapan) 1. Meaning : An occurrence of energy loss in oscillating / vibrating system 2. In ideal situation, the vibration of a system is continuous due to no energy gained or loss. 3. But in real situation, there is a loss of energy during vibration due to friction or air resistance.
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4. As the energy of a system decreases, the amplitude also decreases, but the period remains unchanged. 5. Types of damping : a) External damping ( Pelembapan Luaran)

- Energy loss as heat energy due to air friction.

b) Internal damping ( Pelembapan Dalaman) - Energy loss as heat energy due to compression and rarefaction of the molecules.
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B) Resonance

1. As the energy of a system decreases, the amplitude also decreases.

2. But when a system is forced to vibrate with its natural frequency, that system is said to vibrate at resonance.
3. Force motion is motion produced when an external vibrating force acted upon a system
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4. Natural frequency is the . . 5. When resonance occur, the system is forced to vibrates with maximum amplitude because it receives maximum energy from external system

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C) Research on Resonance Phenomenon (Bartons Experiment)

1. The natural frequency of a simple pendulum depends on its length. 2. When pendulum X is set into oscillation, its energy is transferred through a thread to another pendulum. 3. Other pendulum are forced to swing at the same frequency as X.
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4. Do you notice that pendulums X and D are moving in the same phase after some time ? 5. Pendulum X and D are of same length, therefore pendulum D will force to resonate with maximum amplitude.
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D) Useful Resonance

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D) Useful Resonance

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D) Useful Resonance

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E) Examples of Destructive Resonance

1. Resonance of bridges - Due to strong gusts of wind can lead to their collapse. An example is the collapse of the largest suspension bridge in the world, that is the Tacoma Narrows Bridge at Washington USA in 1940
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2. Earthquake - Buildings often vibrate in resonation to seismic waves causing them to collapse.
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Question 1 :
natural resonance loud sound same frequency
Fill in the blanks using the word above : When the (1) frequency of the air column is the same as the (2) . of the vibrating tuning fork, (3) occurs and result in a (4).. . During resonance, the tuning fork and the air column share the (5) .. vibration frequency.

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Question 2 :

Figure above shows Bartons pendulum system. a) When pendulum X is set into oscillation, what happen to other pendulums ? b) Which pendulum of A, B, C, D and E will oscillates with largest amplitude? Give a reason for your answer.

a) Name the phenomena occur in (b). . 52

QUESTIONS
Mini-quiz to check your understanding

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THANK YOU & GOOD BYE SEE YOU ALL SOON!

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