Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks Authors: U. Rehfuess, ICM N MR Dr. K. Dietrich, ICM N MR A. Volke, ICM N MR B. Kronmueller, ICM N ST s Network Design and Consulting Outline Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks Implementation Aspects Frequency Assignment in FH Networks BSS - Database Parameters Optimisation Aspects Summary s Network Design and Consulting Implementation Aspects Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks s Network Design and Consulting Frame N 0 Frame N 1 Frame N 2 Frame N 3 Baseband FH RF1 RF2 RF3 RF4 BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 Logical Channel 1 2 3 4 Synthesizer FH Mobiles use Synthesizer Hopping only BS implementation: power down, synthesizer re-tuning and power up again within guard period 2 Synthesizers are implemented RF1..n RF1..n RF1..n BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 RF1..n Logical Channel 1 2 3 4 Implementation Aspects Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH s Network Design and Consulting Baseband FH Synthesizer FH Implementation Aspects Combining Equipment in Baseband and Synthesizer FH RF1 RF2 RF3 RF4 BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 1 2 3 4 F i l t e r
C o m b i n i n g
TX Antenna RF1..n RF1..n RF1..n BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 RF1..n 1 2 3 4 H y b r i d
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TX Antenna Narrow Band Low insertion loss (3-4 dB) Wide band Higher insertion losses (~3 dB/stage) On-air combining possible (DUCOM) s Network Design and Consulting Implementation Aspects Combiner, Link Budget of Synthesized Frequency Hopping Power Output Power Amplifier W PA 25 W 40 W HPA 60 W Combiner Attenuation Type dB DUCOM 2:1 2.5 DUCOM 4:1 5.7 HYCOM 1:1 2.0 HYCOM 2:1 3.7 HYCOM 4:1 6.5 FICOM 2:1 2.4 FICOM 4:1 3.0 FICOM 6:1 3.3 DUCIT 2.8 Combiner Losses and Output Power Example: GSM 900 Determine configuration and hardware status before SFH implementation Determine necessary upgrades (TPU, PA, Combiner) Actualize and check Link budgets Introduce further HPA where necessary Max. number of TRXs per cell depends on hardware configuration s Network Design and Consulting BFH SFH TPU X TPU 2 X X PA X X X* HPA X X * not all types of first generation power amplifiers are suitable for for SFH Implementation Aspects TPU, PA for Synthesized Frequency Hopping s Network Design and Consulting Software Release: BR 3.7 or higher Cell Synchronization: up to 2/2/2 BS 6x/2x up to 8/8/8 BS 24x No. of Hopping Frequencies: max. 16 per cell (BFH incl. BCCH) max. 15 per cell (SFH w/o BCCH) max. 64 per cell with BR 6.0 BS11: SFH only (BR 4.0) Implementation Aspects Hardware and Software for Synthesized Frequency Hopping s Network Design and Consulting Baseband hopping Narrowband RFcombining sufficient BCCH TRX except for TS0 may hop Synthesizer hopping Wideband RF combining required One TRX per hopping frequency required! No. of RF = No. of TRX No. of RF > No. of TRX BCCH TRX must not hop More hopping frequencies than TRXs feasible Implementation Aspects Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH s Network Design and Consulting Implementation Aspects Hardware Requirements: Repeater 8 Wideband Repeaters: Usable for SFH and BFH Careful implementation (amplification of signals in the whole frequency band)
8 Channel selective Repeaters: Usable for BFH Number of frequencies is limited Usually not usable in tight reuse scenarios s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Assignment in Hopping Networks Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Process Frequency Assignment Guideline for RF-planners Focus on SFH planning and hopping TCH - carriers BCCH - carrier assignment: planning with tool is always recommended Planning must be adjusted to each individual network s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Common Band - Dedicated Band - Multiple Re-Use Patterns 5 hopping frequencies PC on, DTX on [%] 90%@FERs2% Dedicated Band 71.8% Dedicated Band 15 BCCH carriers 28 TCH carriers Common Band 59.7% Common Band total operator bandwidth 8.6 MHz = 43 carriers 43 carriers for both BCCH and TCH MRP 54.3% 15 BCCH carriers 12 TCH + 9 TCH + 7 TCH carriers Multiple Re-use Patterns (MRP) Achievable System Load s Network Design and Consulting Fixed reuse scheme to all hopping cells possible reuses: 3/9, 2/6, 1/3, 1/1 Tool supported frequency assignment based on interference matrix considering FH gains Frequency Planning Frequency groups - Tool supported planning TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 2 s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Planning of BCCH BCCH 3 BCCH 2 BCCH 1 BCCH 9 BCCH 8 BCCH 7 BCCH 6 BCCH 5 BCCH 4 BCCH 13 BCCH 11 BCCH 10 BCCH e.g. 4 x 12 Reuse Reliability Neighbor Measurements BSIC Decoding BCCH Frequency active at all timeslots in the downlink -> no interference averaging s Network Design and Consulting
8 Cluster 1/3 Channel 1, 4, 7, 10, ... 2, 5, 8, 11, ... 3, 6, 9, 12, ... With a deliberately MAIO - assignment and identical HSN assignment to sectors you can avoid adjacent-channel interference between the sectors within one site Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups (I) Co-channel interference is avoided by the frequency groups MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 ... Sector 1 0 2 4 ... Sector 2 1 3 5 ... Sector 3 0 2 4 ... Min # RF 6 12 18 TCH C TCH B TCH A TCH C TCH B TCH A TCH C TCH B TCH A TCH C TCH B TCH A TCH C TCH B TCH A TCH C TCH B TCH A TCH A TCH B TCH C s Network Design and Consulting
Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups (II) Each sector within a site uses a different Frequency Group No co-channel collisions between sectors of a site Synchronisation between the sectors and MAIO management avoid adjacent channel collisions Homogeneous network: no co-channel collisions between serving cell and all nearest neighbour cells TCH uses each frequency only part of the time (e.g. 50%) 50% fractional load TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 2 TCH 3 TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 2 TCH 1 s Network Design and Consulting 8 Cluster 1/1 All sectors same frequency group Identical HSN to sectors of one site MAIO assignment to avoid co- and adjacent channel interference Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups (III) MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 ... Sector 1 0 6 12 18 ... Sector 2 2 8 14 20 ... Sector 3 4 10 16 22 ... Min # RF 6 12 18 24 s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups (IV) Each sector within a site uses the same frequency group Synchronisation between the sectors and MAIO management required to avoid co-channel collisions Homogeneous network: Co-channel collisions between serving cell and nearest neighbor TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Hopping Sequence Generation (I) MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N if HSN = 0 (cyclic hopping) GSM 05.02. MAI ... Mobile Allocation Index (integer 1...N-1) FN ... TDMA Frame Number (0... 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647) MAIO ... Mobile Allocation Index Offset (0 ... N -1) N ... Number of allocated frequencies For example: (MAIO=0) MA = 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,41 set of ARFCN numbers to be used in the hopping sequence N=15 1. burst FN = 0: MAI = (0 + 0) mod 15 = 0 ARFCN = 1 2. burst FN = 1: MAI = (1 + 0) mod 15 = 1 ARFCN = 4
14. burst FN = 14: MAI = (14 + 0) mod 15 = 14 ARFCN = 41 15. burst FN = 15: MAI = (15 + 0) mod 15 = 0 ARFCN = 1 16. burst FN = 16: MAI = (16 + 0) mod 15 = 1 ARFCN = 4 etc... s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Hopping Sequence Generation (II) MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N if HSN = 0 (random hopping) with: S = M if M < N S = (M + T) modulo N else M = M modulo [2^Integer(log 2 (N)+1)] T = T3 modulo [2^Integer(log 2 (N)+1)] M = T2 + RNTABLE((HSN xor T1R)+T3) T1R, T2, T3 ... Different Time Parameter RNTABLE ... Table of 114 Integer numbers s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Example for MAIO - Management (I) Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . ) 10 7 Time (TDMA - frame) Time (TDMA - frame) 1 3 5 9 11 13 15 17 2 4 6 8 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH MAIO = 2 MAIO = 8 MAIO = 14 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 BCCH MAIO = 4 MAIO = 10 MAIO = 16 TRX3 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH MAIO = 0 MAIO = 6 MAIO = 12 10 12 14 16 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 9 8 7 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 7 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time (TDMA - frame) s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Example for MAIO - Management (II) Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 9 8 7 10 Avoid Co - channel collision: min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies) Avoid Adjacent - channel collision: only odd or even RF numbers on air at same time
Minimum total number of frequencies for hopping system with MAIO - Management = 2* number of hopping TRX of site (18 frequencies in example) TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH MAIO = 2 MAIO = 8 MAIO = 14 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 BCCH MAIO = 4 MAIO = 10 MAIO = 16 TRX3 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH MAIO = 0 MAIO = 6 MAIO = 12 s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups and MAIO - Assignment TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 HSN = 1 HSN = 2 HSN = 3 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 f B f B f B f B f B f B f B f C f C f C f C f C f C f C TRX3 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH MAIO = 0 MAIO = 1 MAIO = 0 MAIO = 0 MAIO = 1 MAIO = 0 MAIO = 0 MAIO = 1 MAIO = 0 MAIO = 2 MAIO = 3 MAIO = 2 MAIO = 2 MAIO = 3 MAIO = 2 MAIO = 2 MAIO = 3 MAIO = 2 f A f A f A f A f A f A f A MAIO = 5 MAIO = 4 MAIO = 4 Frequency group: A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 B: 2 5 8 11 14 17 C: 3 6 9 12 15 18 s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Tools The Automatic Frequency Planning Process Input data from radio network planning tool Automatized Planning Routines Variety of Planning Algorithms Setting of planning constraints Common / Dedicated Band Planning Global / Local Parameter Settings Frequency Assignment Minimisation of interference Consideration of FH, PC, DTX Evaluation of the assignments C/I and FER plots C/I and FER analysis on per carrier basis s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Tools The SIEMENS Advanced Automatic Frequency Planning Tool 8 Efficient algorithms for different optimization targets: Minimizing global interference Minimizing worst interfering cell relations ... 8 Features for advanced network planning strategies Frequency hopping Power Control Discontinuous transmission 8 Graphical evaluation of frequency assignments based on C/I FER 8 Very good results in European research program COST 259 benchmarks in quality of result at short execution times (typically seconds to minutes) 8 High performance proved in live networks with different customers s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Tools Consideration of Radio Link Control Options 8 Automatic consideration of hopping gains and interference reduction due to PC and DTX on cell basis during interference matrix calculation optimum assignment of frequencies by using highly efficient optimisation algorithms
8 Graphical evaluation of the assignment results based on FER
s Network Design and Consulting EIRP - Path loss EIRP - Path loss Potentially serving signal S C
Potentially interfering signal S I
Percentage of potentially affected calls due to C/I Percentage of potentially affected calls due to C/A 9 dB 50 % 0 % 7 dB 60 % 0 % 5 dB 70 % 0 % 3 dB 80 % 5 % 1 dB 90 % 10 % A i E A i E A i E Interference matrix Cell area Affected area due to C/I Affected area due to C/A 50% Frequency Planning Tools Generation of the interference matrix s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Tools Required C/I in FH-GSM (TU3), Cyclic Hopping FH Gains as determined via Real Network Simulations
Shift: 6.5 dB 13.5 dB Gain: up to 7 dB
NH 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 8 Ch 50% s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Assignment Frequency Reuse & C/I values (Non Hopping) - Required no. of frequencies - Cluster size / Reuse distance: q = SQRT(3*N) - C/I rule of thump: C/I abs ~ 1,5 * N 2 N Anzahl f q C/I [dB] 2 6 2,45 7,78 3 9 3,00 11,30 4 12 3,46 13,80 5 15 3,87 15,74 6 18 4,24 17,32 7 21 4,58 18,66 8 24 4,90 19,82 9 27 5,20 20,85 10 30 5,48 21,76 12 36 6,00 23,34 15 45 6,71 25,28 18 54 7,35 26,87 20 60 7,75 27,78 s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Tools Required C/I in FH-GSM for different environments Typical frequency hopping gain The following table shows the typical gain from frequency hopping in a GSM 900 network (example of the signal-to-noise ratio required to obtain 0.2% residual BER for class 1b bits):
Frequency hopping TU3 TU50 HT100 None 11.5 7.5 6.8 2 frequency 10.0 6.5 6.7 4 frequency 8.25 6.0 6.6 8 frequency 7.5 6.0 6.6 16 frequency 6.75 6.0 6.6 Source: SIEMENS TED-BSS s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Tools Analyses of FER Graphical FER analysis of an SFH network 1x3 reuse, 0,3 fractional load 1x3 reuse, 0,6 fractional load < 1% < 2 % < 3 % 3 % FER in % < 1% < 2 % < 3 % 3 % FER in % s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (I) 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 4 Network Example: 11 Sites 33 Cells 6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX 33 TRX BCCH 75 TRX TCH No. of TRX s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (II) Given Spectrum: 42 channels 12 frequencies for BCCH - TRX 30 frequencies for TCH - TRX (hopping) Reuse of: 4 30/4 = 7.5 frequencies per cell in average 5 30/5 = 6 frequencies per cell in average 6 30/6 = 5 frequencies per cell in average 7 30/7 = 4.2 frequencies per cell in average Network Example: 11 Sites 33 Cells 6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (III) Planning Rule: (example) 1 Hopping TRX 3 frequencies 2 Hopping TRX 4 frequencies 3 Hopping TRX 6 frequencies No. of assigned frequencies for FH Frequency Reuse Factor: 156 / 33 = 4.7 frequ. / cell in average 30 frequ. / 4.7 frequ. per cell = 6.3 4 / 6 4 / 6 6 / 4 3 / 4 3 / 4 4 / 3 2 / 3 4 / 6 6 / 4 No. of TRX Network Example: 11 Sites 33 Cells 6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV) Separations for hopping TCH: Intra cell separation: 3 Intra site separation: 1 Neighbour separation: 1 Interference Matrix for hopping TCH: co-channel: C/I curve 7 dB (50% probability) adjacent channel: C/I curve -6 dB (50% probability) MAIO and HSN: HSN = 0 for all cells (cyclic hopping) MAIO = 0 for TRX1 (TRX0 = BCCH) MAIO = 1 for TRX2 MAIO = 2 for TRX3 etc. s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV) etc.... Example for a site list: Site Id Sector TRX BCCH f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 MAIO HSN 0001 1 0 2 - - 1 1 19 36 41 0 0 2 0 4 - - 2 1 13 18 21 25 30 42 0 0 2 2 13 18 21 25 30 42 1 0 2 3 13 18 21 25 30 42 2 0 3 0 9 - - 3 1 15 23 27 32 0 0 3 2 15 23 27 32 1 0 0002 1 0 12 - - 1 1 22 26 34 40 0 0 1 2 22 26 34 40 1 0 2 0 8 - - 2 1 16 19 28 0 0 s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Strategies Cyclic Hopping - Random Hopping Cyclic hopping sequence {... f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3 ...}, MAIO 0 Cyclic hopping sequence {... f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 ...}, MAIO 2 F
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TDMA frame f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 8 Principle of Cyclic Hopping Optimum frequency Diversity Sufficient Interference diversity by avoiding frequency groups No Interference diversity using frequency groups Random hopping sequence {... f1, f4, f2, f0, f0, f3, f0, f1, f2, f4, ...}, MAIO 0 Random hopping sequence {... f3, f1, f4, f2, f2, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, ...}, MAIO 2 F
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TDMA frame f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 8 Principle of Random Hopping Optimum interference diversity Less frequency diversity s Network Design and Consulting Frequency Planning Planning of Anchor Frequencies 8 Each TRX must be assigned with a fixed frequency which belongs to the hopping frequency group of this TRX 8 In case of disabling FH the TRX transmit the anchor frequency 8 Tool Supported Planning of anchor frequencies 2 - 5 - 8 - 11 - 14 - 17 Example Frequency group 1x3 reuse: A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 B: 2 5 8 11 14 17 C: 3 6 9 12 15 18 TRX0 TRX1 BCCH TRXFREQ = 18 3 - 6 - 9 - 12 - 15 - 18 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH TRXFREQ = 7 TRXFREQ = 13 TRXFREQ = 4 MOBALLOC = 1- 4 -7- 10 - 13 - 16 MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16 MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16 TRX0 TRX1 BCCH TRXFREQ = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . s Network Design and Consulting BSS - Database Parameters for Radio Control Features Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks s Network Design and Consulting Specification Name Object/ Package DB Name Range Meaning CA BTS/ PKGBTSB CALL 0...1023&. ..& 0...1023 Cell Allocation: list of all frequencies used in this cell except the BCCH-frequency HOPP_MODE BTS/ PKGBTSO HOPMODE BBHOP SYNHOP Flag indicates whether baseband or synthesizer hopping is used FH_SYS_NUMBE R FHSY FHSY 1...10 Number to identify a frequency hopping system HSN FHSY HSN 0...63 Hopping sequence number 0: cyclic hopping 1...63: random hopping MA FHSY MOBALLOC 0...1023& ...& 0...1023 Mobile allocation: list of frequencies within the FH system (maximum number of frequencies = 16). FH_SYSTEM_ID CHAN FHSYID 0...10 Specifies the frequency hopping system (given by FHSYN) to which a channel shall belong. (0: no hopping) MAIO CHAN MAIO 0...63 Mobile allocation index offset: defining the starting frequency (number in the MA frequency list) for a hopping sequence at a certain frame number FN, i.e. different channels using the same FH system shall have different MAIO. BTS_ISHOPPING BTS/ PKGBTSO HOPP TRUE FALSE Flag to enable/disable FH within the BTS Source: M. Doss, ICN CA CV D 22 Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for FH (I) s Network Design and Consulting Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for FH(I) 8 Maximum No. Of Hopping Frequencies Theoretical Limit: 16 Frequencies (BFH) Practical Limit: 15 Frequencies (SFH)
8 In case of SFH all Time Slots on BCCH TRX (BCCH TS, SDCCH TS as well as TCH TS) must not hop
8 In case of BFH the BCCH TS must not hop (FHSYID = 0) s Network Design and Consulting L_RXQUAL_XX_P RXLEV 63 U_RXQUAL_XX_ P 0 7 RXQUAL POW_RED_STEP_SIZE L_RXLEV_XX_P U_RXLEV_XX_P Power Decrease (good quality) Power Decrease (good level) Power Increase (bad level) Power Increase (bad quality) Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (I) s Network Design and Consulting Specification Name DB Name/Object Range Meaning MS_TXPWR_MAX MSTXPMAX / BTSB 2...15 0...15 maximum TXPWR an MS may use in the serving cell BS_TXPWR_RED PWRRED / TRX 0...6 Static reduction of the TRX output power: BS_TXPWR_MAX = P BTS - 2 * PWRRED POW_INCR_ STEP_SIZE PWRINCSS / PWRC DB2,DB4,D B6 Step size for power increase in dB POW_RED_ STEP_SIZE PWREDSS / PWRC DB2,DB4 Step size for power reduction in dB P_CONFIRM PWRCONF /PWRC 1...31 Maximum interval for waiting for a confirmation of the new transmit power level. unit: 2 T SACCH L_RXLEV_DL_P L_RXLEV_UL_P LOWTLEVD LOWTLEVU 0...63 RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase U_RXLEV_DL_P U_RXLEV_UL_P UPTLEVD UPTLEVU 0...63 RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease L_RXQUAL_DL_P L_RXQUAL_UL_P LOWTQUAD LOWTQUAU 0...7 RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase U_RXQUAL_DL_P U_RXQUAL_UL_P UPTQUAD UPTQUAU 0...7 RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease P_CON_INTERVAL PCONINT / PWRC 0...31 Minimum interval between changes of the RF transmit power level Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (II) s Network Design and Consulting Specification Name Object/ Package DB Name Meaning DTX indicator uplink BTS/BTSO DTXUL 0: MS may use DTX (if possible) 1: MS shall use DTX 2: MS shall not use DTX DTX indicator dow n link BTS/BTSO DTXDL FALSE: downlink DTX disabled at BTS TRUE: downlink DTX enabled at BTS Database Parameters Administration of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) s Network Design and Consulting No Frequency Hoppi ng 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0,1 1 10 100 FER@90% [%] R X Q U A L @ 9 0 % 2% FER Cycl ic FH 2 Frequenci es 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0,1 1 10 100 FER@90% [%] R X Q U A L @ 9 0 % 2% FER Cyclic FH 4 Frequencies 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0,1 1 10 100 FER@90% [%] R X Q U A L @ 9 0 % 2% FER Cycl ic FH 8 Frequenci es 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0,1 1 10 100 FER@90% [%] R X Q U A L @ 9 0 % 2% FER Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for FH - RxQual s Network Design and Consulting Database Parameters Parameter Settings for Control Loops using RxQual Measurements Handover: Default Default Default (No Hopping) SFH (> 8 HF) BFH HOLTHQUDL: 4 (5*) 5 ... 6 4 ... 5 HOLTHQUUL: 4 (5*) 5 ... 6 4 ... 5 HOAVQUAL: 8-2 8-2 8-2
Power Control: LOWTQUAD: 3 (4*) 4 ... 5 3 ... 4 LOWTQUAU: 3 (4*) 4 ... 5 3 ... 4 UPTQUAD: 1 1 1 UPTQUAU: 1 1 1 PAVRQUAL 4-1 4-1 4-1 *) as recommended by database planning s Network Design and Consulting Database Parameters Flexible Configuration of different Hopping Modes 8 Flexible configuration of the Hopping Mode for each cell of a BSC via BSS parameter: No Hopping Baseband Hopping Synthesizer Hopping
8 Configuration of the first SDCCH on the BCCH TRX mandatory s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks s Network Design and Consulting Points of Examination 8 Impact of RLC on Network Quality 8 Impact of RLC on Network Capacity 8 Comparison BFH - SFH 8 Comparison SFH Tight Reuse Implementation Cases 8 Optimizing Radio Parameters (Thresholds for Handover and Power Control) Optimisation Aspects Field Trials s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Network Measurements 8 Performance Measurements: Performance and Quality Indicators - Dropped Call Rate - TCH Drop Rate (Loss of Connection, Loss during Handover) Handover Statistics (Inter, Intra, Causes, Failures) Uplink Interference Measurements on Idle TCH SDCCH Performance 8 Test Mobile Measurements: RxLev, RxQual, FER, SQI (Speech Quality) 8 Tracer Measurements: - Abis Protocol Analyses s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Performance Measurements: Quality Indicators Comparison of Drop Rates: Non Hopping - SFH 1x3 - SHF 1x1 ~ 4 % Improvement ~ 14 % Improvement ~ 18 % Improvement s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Handover Performance (I) Handover Performance: Inter cell HO - Causes Percentage of Quality HO increases Parameter Optimisation S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3 HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 8-2 PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4 s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Handover Performance (II) 0,0% 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% No Hopping 34,0% 1,1% S1 / SFH 1x3 32,9% 3,1% SFH 1x3 30,4% 0,7% InterCellHO/TCHAssignm IntraCellHO/TCHAssignm S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3 HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 8-2 PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4 Optimisation of Database Parameters Percentage of Intra cell HO decreased again UL-PC enabled from the beginning (incl. No hopping) s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Handover Performance (III) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Intra Downlink Quality 54% 62% 74% Intra Uplink Quality 46% 38% 26% No Hopping S1 / SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3 S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3 HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 8-2 PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4 RXQUAL_DL > 5 RXLEV_DL > 35 RXQUAL_UL > 5 RXLEV_UL > 31 s Network Design and Consulting Rate of idle traffic channels per interference band 96.3% 98.7% 98.9% 98.9% 99.3% 1.9% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 0.7% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 94.0% 95.0% 96.0% 97.0% 98.0% 99.0% 100.0% 101.0% Non Hopping BFH SFH SFH + PC SFH + PC + DTX Interference Band 1 Interference Band 2 Interference Band 3 Interference Band 4 Interference Band 5 Optimisations Aspects Influence of RLC Features on Idle Traffic Channel Measurements Less percentage of measurements in higher bands Reduction of Interference s Network Design and Consulting Implementation of PC & DTX in SFH 1x1 Optimisation Aspects Handover Performance - Influence of PC & DTX 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Uplink Quality (Per) 14% 23% Downlink Quality (Per) 20% 16% Uplink Strengh (Per) 8% 7% Downlink Strength (Per) 7% 6% Distance (Per) 0% 0% Better Cell (Per) 49% 47% Direct Retry (Per) 2% 1% SFH 1x1 PC, DTX SFH 1x1 Increase of no. of uplink quality handovers Decrease of no. of downlink quality handovers Power Control was enabled in Downlink additionally Reduction of Downlink Quality HO s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Influence of Cell Synchronisation 0,00% 0,20% 0,40% 0,60% 0,80% 1,00% 1,20% Synchronized cells 1,08 % Change of HSN 1,07 % TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x3 1,00 % 1,09 % TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x1 Results of Changing HSN - 1x3 and 1x1 in Reference Cells Different HSN within one site No Synchronisation between the cells Synchronization No Synchr. No Synchr. HSN = a HSN = a HSN = b s Network Design and Consulting SFH 1x1: Reduction of frequencies 0,0% 1,0% 2,0% 3,0% 4,0% 5,0% PC, DTX SFH 1x1 4,7% 1,22% Carr_Red 3Fr SFH 1x1 4,6% 1,16% Carr_Red 6Fr SFH 1x1 4,6% 1,21% Dropped Call Rate TCH Drop Rate Reduction of 3 Frequencies Reduction of 6 Frequencies Optimisation Aspects Reduction of Frequencies s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (I) FER (full) Samples Percent. Samples Perc. Sampl Cumul. Total FER Rate 0% 22883 97,08% 97,08% 0,00% 4% 407 1,73% 98,81% 0,07% 8% 87 0,37% 99,18% 0,10% 12% 26 0,11% 99,29% 0,11% 16% 34 0,14% 99,43% 0,14% 20% 46 0,20% 99,63% 0,17% 24% 16 0,07% 99,69% 0,19% 28% 13 0,06% 99,75% 0,21% 32% 10 0,04% 99,79% 0,22% 36% 6 0,03% 99,82% 0,23% 40% 19 0,08% 99,90% 0,26% 44% 6 0,03% 99,92% 0,27% 48% 6 0,03% 99,95% 0,28% 60% 6 0,03% 99,97% 0,30% 88% 6 0,03% 100,00% 0,32% 23571 100% 0,32% T
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Traffic Channel (TCH) Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) 26 frames = 120 ms Measurement Mobile reports FER values each SACCH frame FER can only evaluated in steps of 4 % s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (II) Detailed Evaluation of Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH : Hopping Gain can be seen in RxQual- and FER Distribution RxQual values of Hopping samples are worse but FER values are better. Better FER samples on the hopping carriers. FER Distribution (RxLev > 10 & RxQual >4) Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH 0,0% 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 0 4 8 12 16 20 > 20 FER [%] No Hopping BCCH Hopping TCH1x3 Hopping TCH1x1 RxQual Distribution (RxLev >10 & RxQaul >4) Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH 0,0% 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 70,0% 5 6 7 RxQual No Hopping BCCH Hopping TCH1x3 Hopping TCH1x1 s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Influence of Power Control on RxLev , RxQual Distribution s Network Design and Consulting Optimisation Aspects Measuring FH improvements in the Field 8 Call drop rates cannot show full FH gains, since SACCH performance is not strongly related to FH 8 RXQUAL statistics for both uplink and downlink get worse with FH and need to be interpreted -> required RXQUAL 8 Currently no vendor supports speech quality related FER measurements in the BSS - for downlink, no MS reporting is standardised - for uplink, BS vendor specific implementations are feasible 8 TEMS drive/walk test can show FH improvement on downlink speech quality 8 BR6.0 will have measured FER statistics for the uplink and estimated FER statistics for the downlink s Network Design and Consulting Summary Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks s Network Design and Consulting Summary SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (I) 8 The benefits of Frequency Hopping have been successfully verified in Field Trials by using different implementation alternatives (BFH, SFH, loose reuse, tight reuse) 8 Measurements showed improvements of Quality and Capacity (reduction of frequencies). Quality Feature Capacity Feature 8 Using FH in real networks provides measures to enhance the reuse (overall reuse including BCCH frequencies of better than 9 maintaining speech quality at the same time) s Network Design and Consulting Summary SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (II) 8 It is recommended to implement BFH as a basic feature. BFH allows for narrow band combining (e.g. filter combiners) with low insertion loss useful in noise limited scenarios
8 It is recommended to use SFH in mature high capacity networks SFH requires wide band combining (e.g. hybrid combiners) recommended for interference limited scenarios
8 Implementation of Features does not replace quality and capacity improvements to be achieved via maintenance and network optimisation activities ! s Network Design and Consulting Summary Siemens Reference Networks: Synthesiser Frequency Hopping 7 China 7 Croatia 7 Czech Rep. 7 Germany 7 Kuwait 7 RSA 7 Syria 7 Taiwan 7 Thailand 7 USA Siemens SFH Networks in High capacity configurations: Network with site configurations up to 4/6/4: 4/4/4, 4/5/4, 4/6/4 Cells are significantly loaded with traffic Call Drop Rate less than 2 % TCH Drop Rate better than 2% (in selected cases better than 1%) Achievable quality in the networks depends on coverage situation available spectrum Traffic load and traffic distribution homogeneity of the network and topography of the landscape s Network Design and Consulting Summary Additional Information 8 SIEMENS Technical Descriptions Base Station System (TED-BSS BR.xx)
8 PLMN SBS Radio Network Parameters (SIEMENS ICN Training Institute)
8 PLMN SBS Performance Measurements (SIEMENS ICN Training Institute)
8 ETSI GSM Recommendation GSM 05.05, 05.08 and 04.08