Asstt.

Professor Adeel Akram

Course Outline: Basic topics

Transmission Fundamentals

Analog and digital transmission Channel capacity Antennas, propagation modes, and fading Signal encoding techniques

Spread spectrum technology Coding and error control Cellular networks Wireless LANs
IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth

Course Outline: Advanced topics

Mobile IP
Multihop ad hoc networks
MAC and routing protocols Power control and topology control Capacity of ad hoc networks

Sensor networks
Infrastructure, MAC, and routing protocols Synchronization Protocols Algorithms for query processing

Tentative Course Schedule

Topics Lecture Slide

Administrivia; Transmission Fundamentals: Analog & digital transmission channel capacity

Transmission Fundamentals: Antennas and propagation modes, fading Signal encoding techniques Spread spectrum: Frequency hopping, Direct sequence, and CDMA Coding and error control: Error detection, error correction codes, convolution codes, and ARQ Cellular wireless networks Medium access control and Wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11 protocol Wireless LANs: Bluetooth; Mobile IP Multihop ad hoc networks: Routing protocols Multihop ad hoc networks: Topology and power control Sensor networks: MAC and routing protocols Sensor networks: synchronization protocols; algorithms for query processing Multihop ad hoc networks: Fundamental limits on capacity Student presentations / Project

WirelessNetworks1.ppt
WirelessNetworks2.ppt WirelessNetworks3.ppt WirelessNetworks4.ppt WirelessNetworks5.ppt WirelessNetworks6.ppt WirelessNetworks7.ppt WirelessNetworks8.ppt WirelessNetworks9.ppt WirelessNetworks10.ppt WirelessNetworks11.ppt WirelessNetworks12.ppt

Text Books Wireless Communications and

Networks, by William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, 2005
This textbook will be followed for

most of the course. The material on multihop and sensor networks will be taken from research papers, and other collections.

Wireless Comes of Age

Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog

signal Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean

Communications satellites launched in 1960s Advances in wireless technology

Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites

More recently
Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular technology,

adhoc networks, sensor networks

Layered Architecture

Application Transport Network Data Link Network Data Link Network Data Link

Application Transport Network Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical
Medium

Physical

Radio

Scope of this course: Anything above and related protocols

Wireless communication systems

Target information systems: Anytime, Anywhere,

Anyform Applications: Ubiquitous computing and information access Market in continuous growth:
35-60% annual growth of PCS (Personal Communications Services) Number of subscribers:

by 2001: over 700M mobile phones by 2003: 1 billion wireless subscribers (source Ericsson)

300% growth in wireless data from 1995-1997

Large diversity of standards and products Confusing terminology

Number of Subscribers in Hong Kong

Fixed Telephone

Mobile Phone

Broadband Internet

Will wireless Internet take off?

Mobile Subscribers in Pakistan

Customers of Mobile Service Providers in Pakistan*
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jul-05 Company wise Data is updated on Quarterly Basis Aug -05 15,511,045 9.7 Mobilink 114,272 309,272 800,000 1,115,000 3,215,989 7,469,085 116,711 350,000 550,000 801,160 2,579,103 Ufone Paktel 80,221 96,623 218,536 319,400 470,021 924,486 Instaphone 112,000 220,000 330,000 420,000 535,738 454,147 835,727 508,655 Telenor Warid Total 306,493 742,606 1,698,536 2,404,400 5,022,908 12,771,203 14,119,257 Growth Rate 15.39 142.29 128.73 41.56 108.90 154.26 10.56

More than 15,511,045 subscribers of Cellular Networks

*From

Telecom Indicators section of PTA Website

Mobile Subscribers in Pakistan Warid Telenor Instaphone Paktel Ufone Mobilink

0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

Limitations and difficulties

Wireless is convenient and less expensive
Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit wireless technologies Lack of an industry-wide standard Device limitations
E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only

displaying a few lines of text E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML

Wireless around us
WLAN, DAB, GSM, etc

Personal Travel Assistant, PDA, Laptop, GSM, cdmaOne, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...

Portable Devices
PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW Laptop fully functional standard applications

Mobile phones voice, data simple text displays

Palmtop tiny keyboard simple versions of standard applications

performance

Radio frequency spectrum

Wireless technologies have gradually migrated to

higher frequencies

Wireless & Mobility

Wireless:

Limited bandwidth Broadcast medium: requires multiple access schemes Variable link quality (noise, interference) High latency, higher jitter Heterogeneous air interfaces Security: easier snooping User location may change with time Speed of mobile impacts wireless bandwidth Need mechanism for handoff Security: easier spoofing

Mobility:

Portability
Limited battery, storage, computing, and UI

Challenges in Mobile Computing

Three major challenges: Wireless Channel Mobility Device Limitation

The 1st challenge

Communication Channel
Transmitter Channel Receiver

The medium used to transmit the signal from the transmitter to the receiver Wireline / Wireless channel

Wireline Channel
Transmitter Wireline Channel, e.g. copper wire Receiver

Too many noises? Large signal attenuation? Data speed too low? Data speed still too low?

Shielded against electromagnetic noise Use repeaters

Upgrade to coaxial cable Upgrade to optical fiber

Fading Effect
Typical Indoor

Wireless Environment
Signal strength

fluctuates significantly

Wireless channel

cannot be engineered.
You can only

improve your transmission and reception techniques.

Bit Error Rate

Optical fiber: 10-11 or 10-12
Mobile channel: Good quality: 10-6 Actual condition: 10-2 or worse

Implication
For wireline systems, it is assumed that the channel is

error free Many protocols are designed with this assumption These protocols do not work well in a wireless environment
e.g. TCP (why?)

What if more than 1 transmitter?

Every user accesses the network by means of a dedicated channel Switching Center
or Network Access Point Dedicated Channel

New user is served by a new wire-line circuit

Access capacity is unlimited.

How about wireless networks?

Wireless users access the network by means of a shared channel

Base Station

Access capacity is inherently limited.

Implication
For wire-line systems, we can simply install new cables

to increase capacity.
For wireless systems, the channel can only be shared

by the users.
Capacity does not increase.

Interference
Multiuser Interference Radio signals of different users interfere with each other Self-Interference Multipath effect Phase-shifted images of the signal at the receiver interact and may cancel the entire signal, (i.e. destructive interference).

Interference Management
How to manage multiuser interference?
i.e. how to share the channel? Multiple Access Problem FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, etc.

Media Access Control Aloha, CSMA, etc.

How to manage self-interference?

Physical layer issue Equalization, coding, diversity, etc. These issues will NOT be considered in this course

The 2nd challenge

User Mobility
Location Management Problem How does the network know where the intended recipient of a message is currently located?

Cellular Scenario
Where is 5008011? Send broadcast messages from every base station?

Internet Scenario
Forwarding table in router Dest. Net router Nhops interface 223.1.1 223.1.2 223.1.3 1 1 1
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9

223.1.1.1
223.1.2.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.4 223.1.1.3

223.1.3.27

223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2

223.1.3.27
223.1.3.2

Suppose A sends a datagram to E

misc data fields 223.1.1.1 223.1.2.2

223.1.3.1

The router sends the datagram to 223.1.2.2 via interface 223.1.2.9 What happens if E moves to elsewhere?

Ad hoc Network Scenario

S B A H I C G K D N E F M L

How to find a suitable path from source S to destination D?

The 3rd challenge

Device Limitation
Resource Limitation Limited memory Limited computational power Small display Limited battery life
This issue will NOT be considered at the moment but

may be extended later

Classification of Wireless Systems

Personal communication systems

Focus on voice communication Limited bit-rate data transmission Large-scale mobility and coverage Operate over licensed frequency bands

Wireless LANs Designed for high bit-rate transmission

IP oriented Low-scale coverage Use unlicensed ISM frequency bands

Multihop ad hoc networks Have little or no infrastructure

Low-scale coverage Need new routing protocols Emerging applications

Transmission fundamentals
Electromagnetic signals
Time domain Frequency domain

Data rate and bandwidth Analog and digital data transmission Channel capacity
Nyquist theorem [Sampling Rate >2fmax ] Shannon capacity theorem [CWlog2(1+S/N)]

Transmission media

Analog signaling

Digital signaling

Classification of transmission media

Transmission medium
Physical path between transmitter and receiver

Guided media
Waves are guided along a solid medium

E.g., copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, optical

fiber

Unguided media
Provides means of transmission but does not guide

electromagnetic signals Usually referred to as wireless transmission E.g., atmosphere, outer space

Unguided media
Transmission and reception are achieved by means of

an antenna Configurations for wireless transmission

Directional Omnidirectional

General frequency ranges

Microwave frequency range

1 GHz to 40 GHz Directional beams possible Suitable for point-to-point transmission Used for satellite communications

Radio frequency range

30 MHz to 1 GHz Suitable for omnidirectional applications

Infrared frequency range

Roughly, 3x1011 to 2x1014 Hz Useful in local point-to-point multipoint applications

within confined areas

Terrestrial microwave
Description of common microwave antenna
Parabolic "dish", 3 m in diameter Fixed rigidly and focuses a narrow beam Achieves line-of-sight transmission to receiving antenna

Located at substantial heights above ground level

Applications
Long haul telecommunications service Short point-to-point links between buildings

Microwave antenna
Parabolic Dish

Satellite microwave
Description of communication satellite
Microwave relay station Used to link two or more ground-based microwave

transmitter/receivers Receives transmissions on one frequency band (uplink), amplifies or repeats the signal, and transmits it on another frequency (downlink)

Applications
Television distribution
Long-distance telephone transmission Private business networks

Broadcast radio
Description of broadcast radio antennas
Omni directional Antennas not required to be dish-shaped Antennas need not be rigidly mounted to a precise

alignment

Applications
Broadcast radio VHF and part of the UHF band; 30 MHZ to 1GHz Covers FM radio and UHF and VHF television

Infrared
Beyond the EHF spectrum 1012 to 1014 Hz Transceivers must be within line of sight or reachable

via reflection
Does not penetrate walls

Next Lecture
Antennas & Propagation

Signal Encoding

Questions

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