Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT I : Scope and History UNIT II : Microscopy and Staining UNIT III : Growth and Culturing UNIT IV : Sterilization and Disinfection UNIT V : The Bacteria UNIT VI : Viruses
Scope of Microbiology
The Microbes Microbiology is the study of all microorganisms (microbes) in the microscopic range. This include : bacteria,algae,fungi,viruses,and protozoa
Kochs Contributions
Kochs Postulates: 1.The specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease. 2.The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture 3.Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy,susceptible animal must produce the same disease. 4.The disease organisms must be recovered from the inoculated animal.
MICROSCOPY
The technology of making very small things in visible to the human eye.
Metric Unit
Centimeter =0,01 m Millimeter =0,001 m Micrometer =0,000001 m Nanometer =0,000.000.001 m Angstrom = 0,000.000.000.1 m
CULTURE MEDIA
In nature, microorganims are growth on nature media or nutrients available in water,soil,and living or dead organic material.
In The Laboratory
Microorganisms are grown in synthetic media : 1.Defined synthetic media: consist of known quantities of spesific nutrien 2. Complex media : consist of nutrients of reasonably well known composition that vary in composition from batch to batch.
Diasnostic Media.
Division Cell
Most cell division in bacteria occur by binary fission,in which the nuclear body divides and the cell form are transverse septum that separates the original cell into two cells. Yeast cell and same bacteria divide by budding, in which a small, new cell develops from the surface of an existing cell.
Phases of Growth
Phases of growth
Lag phase : Not increasing in cell number, metabolically active. Log phase : devide at exponential or logaritmic, rate and with a constant generation time.these properties can be used to calculate both the number of generation time and the generation. Stationary phase : The number of new cell produced equals the number of cell dying.The medium contains limited nutriens and contains toxic quantities of waste materials. Decline phase ; death phase : many cells lose their ability to devide and eventually die. A logaritmic decrease in the number of cell results.
Principles of staining
A stain or dye is a molecule that can bind to a structure and give it color. Most microbial stain are cationic (positively charged),or basic, dyes,such as methylene blue.
Physical factors
A.Optimum pH Bacteria are clasified as 1. Acidophiles :pH below 5,4. Exm :Lactobacilus 2. Neutrophiles (pH 5,4 -8,5). Ex : Bacteria that causes disease in human. 3.Alkaliphiles : pH 7,0-11,5. Ex :Agrobacterium,alcaligenes faecalis.
B.Temperature
Bacteria are clasified as :
1.Psychrophiles( 150C-200C ) a. Obligate psychrophiles (cannot grow above 200C ).Ex.Bacillus globisporus. b.Facultative psychophiles (grow best below 200C). Ex.Xanthomonas sp
2. Mesophiles (250C 400C) 3.Thermophiles(500C -600C) Ex. Bacillus stearothermophilus. C.Oxygen a.aerobes (require oxygen to grow). Ex:pseudomonas b.anaerobes(do not requere it). Ex:Bacteroides.
Nutritional factors
Carbon sources Autotrophs : us CO2 as carbon source Heterotroph :require glocose or organic carbon source .Nitrogen sources : sulfur,phosphorus,Iron,etc. .Sulfur and phosphorus :Amino acid,organic phosphate . .Vitamin :B12, K (small amount or as a coenzyme.
Sterilization
Disinfection
Refers to the reduction in numbers of pathogenic organism on obyects or in materials so that the organisms no longer pose a disease threat.
SANITIZER :A chemical agent typically used on food-handling equipment and eating utensils to reduse bacterial numbers so as to meet public health standards. Sanitization may simply refer to thorough washing with only soap or detergent. Bactericide : An agent that kills bacteria.
Acid are commonly used as food preservatives, alkali in soap helps destroy microorganisms. Alkohols are used to disinfectants Among the agents containing halogens, chlorine is use to kill pathogens in water, and iodine is major ingredient in several skin disinfectants.
Phenol derivatives can be used on skin, instruments,dishes, and furniture, and to destroy discarded cultures they work well in the presence of organic materials. Oxidizing agents are particularly useful in disinfecting puncture wounds.
Alkylating agents can be used to disinfect or sterilize a variety of materials, but all are carcinogens. Same dyes, plant oils, sulfur containing subtances and nitrates can be used as disinfectans or food preservatives.
Radiation
Used to control microorganisms includes ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation,and some times microwaves and strong sunlight.
Filtration
Can be used to sterilize subtances that are destroyed by heat, to separate viruses, and to collect microorganisms from air and water samples.
Osmotic pressure
High concentrations of sugar or salt create osmotic presure that plasmolisis of cell and prevents growth of microorganisms in gightly sweetened or salted foods.