Presented by,

K.V. Vinay Shreyas B.E., M.Tech (CAID), M.I.S.T.E

Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE,
H.K.B.K.C.E., Bengaluru.

INTRODUCTION
The instruments which are used to measure electrical quantities are called Electrical Instruments.
Ex: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter

WATT-METER
EARLY WATTMETER ON DISPLAY AT THE HISTORIC ARCHIVE AND MUSEUM OF MINING IN PACHUCA, MEXICO.

DYNAMOMETER TYPE METER

Electro dynamic instrument is a moving coil instrument operating field is produced
not by a permanent magnet, but by another fixed coil. Principle: When a current carrying moving coil is placed in a magnetic field produced by the current carrying fixed coil, a mechanical force is exerted on the coil sides of the moving coil and deflection takes place.

In other words, when the field produced by the current carrying moving coil tries to come in line with the field produced by the current carrying fixed coil, a deflecting torque is exerted on the moving system.
Used either as an ammeter or voltmeter, but generally used as a wattmeter.

PRINCIPLE

CONSTRUCTION
There are two coils fixed coils or field coils and movable coil. Fixed Coils (F,F) Placed nearer & Parallel Moving Coil (MC) Pivoted b/w the FF & carries the pointer. The Current Lead into & out the Moving Coil by means of spiral spring (Also Controlling Torque) Damping is provided by the Air Friction .

THE CIRCUIT OF A SIMPLE ELECTRODYNAMOMETER TYPE WATTMETER

The fixed coil makes current coil (cc) of the wattmeter and are connected in series with the load and so carry the current in the circuit. The movable coil is connected across the voltage and it carries a current proportional to the voltage. A non inductive resistance (having high resistance value) is connected in series with the moving coil limit the current to a small value.

Working Principle: In case of DC system

Let, V = Voltage across the load, & I1 = Load current, I2 = Current through the moving coil. Since the coils are air-cored, the flux density (B)

Produced is directly proportional to the current (I1)

B I1 Or Or Now, B = K1 I1 ---------------------(1) I2 = K2 V-----------------------(2) Td B I2 I1V Power Current through the moving coil, I2 V

Hence, deflecting torque is proportional to power.

Working Principle: In case of AC system

Let, e = Instantaneous voltage across the load, i = Instantaneous load current,

V = RMS value of voltage across the load, I = RMS value of load current.
cos = Power factor (lagging) of the load.
Now, e = Vm sin t; i = Im sin (t )
Instantaneous current through the fixed coil, i1 i --------------(1) Instantaneous current through the moving coil, i2 e --------------(2)

Average deflecting Torque, Td Average of (i2 * i1)

Average of (e * i) VI cos (True Power)

In steady position of deflection Tc ( ) = Td (where is angle of deflection)

Hence, Power consumed by the load

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages of Dynamometer type Instruments: Can be used on both DC & AC circuits. Uniform scale. High degree of accuracy can be obtained.

Disadvantages of Dynamometer type Instruments: At low power factors, the inductances of the potential coil causes serious errors.

The reading of the instrument may be affected by stray fields acting on the moving coil.

Siemens electrodynamometer

INTRODUCTION
Energy meter is an instrument which measures electrical energy. It is also known as watt-hour (Wh) meter. Single phase induction type energy meter are very commonly used to measure electrical energy consumed in domestic and commercial installation. Electrical energy is measured in kilo watt-hours (kWh) by this energy meter. Used on AC system only.

Induction type Single Phase Energy Meter

Principle: When AC current flows through two suitably located coils (current coil & potential coil), they produce rotating magnetic field which is cut by the metallic disc suspended near to the coils, thus an e.m.f. is induced in the disc which circulates eddy currents in it. By the interaction of rotating magnetic field & eddy currents, electromagnetic torque is developed which causes the disc to rotate.

CONSTRUCTION
A single phase induction type energy meter consists:
o Driving system o Moving system o Braking system & o Registering system.

Driving System:
The energy meter consists of two silicon steel laminated electromagnets. A. SERIES MAGNET & B. SHUNT MAGNET

Series Magnet:
The series magnet consist of a number of U-shaped iron laminations, assembled together to form a core.

Each of it two limbs is wound with a few turns of heavy gauge wire called as current coil, is connected in series with the load so that it carries the load current.
It is placed below the aluminum disc and produces the magnetic field (sc), which is proportional to & in phase with line current (I).

Driving System:
Shunt Magnet:
The shunt magnet consist of a M shaped iron laminations, assembled together to form a core.
A coil of thin wire, having a large number of turns is wound on the central limb of the shunt magnet. This wound coil is called potential coil and is connected across the supply so that it carries a current proportional to the supply. It is placed above the aluminum disc and produces the magnetic field (sh), which is proportional to the supply voltage & lags behind it by 90 deg.

Driving System
Short circuited copper shading band is provided on the lower part of the central limb of the shunt magnet. Also, called power factor compensator (PFC). By adjusting the position of these loops the shunt magnet flux can be made to lag behind the supply voltage exactly 90. A copper shading band is provided on each outer limb of the shunt magnet (fc1 & fc2) these band provides frictional compensation.

Moving System:
It consists of a light aluminium disc mounted on a vertical spindle.
The disc is positioned in the air gap between series & shunt magnet. The spindle is supported by a cup shaped jewelled bearing at the bottom end & has a spring journal bearing at the top end. Since there is no control spring, the disc makes continuous rotation under the action of deflecting torque.

Braking System & Recording Mechanism :

A permanent magnet, known as the brake magnet positioned near the edge of the aluminium disc, forms the braking system. When the disc rotates under the influence of the magnet field produced by the brake magnet, an e.m.f is induced in the disc, due to which eddy currents circulate in the disc in such a direction as to produce a torque, opposing the rotation of the disc. Thus a braking torque is exerted on the disc. Since the induced currents are proportional to the speed of disc (N), therefore braking torque (Tb) is proportional to the disc speed. i.e. Tb N The disc spindle is connected to a counting mechanism this mechanism records a number which is proportional to the number of revolutions of the disc. The number indicate the energy consumed directly in kilo watts-hour (kWh)

Working Principle:
When the energy meter is connected in the circuit, the current coil carries the load current and pressure coil carries the current proportional to the supply voltage. The magnetic field produced by the series magnet is in phase with the line current and the magnetic field produced by the shunt magnet is in quadrature with the applied voltage. Thus, a phase difference exists between the fluxes produced by the two coils.

This sets up a rotating field which interacts with the disc and produces a driving torque, thus disc starts rotating.
The number of revolutions made by the disc depends upon the energy passing through the meter. The spindle is geared to the recording mechanism so that electrical energy consumed in the circuit is directly registered in kWh.

Working Principle
As the potential coil is highly inductive, I2 and hence sc lags V by 90 deg. The I1 flows through the current coil, producing se.

The phase angle b/w the supply voltage V and current I1 depends on the nature of the load.
Esh & Ese are the emfs induced in shunt & series magnet, and these emfs lags behind the respective fluxes by 90 deg. The eddy currents are assumed to be in phase with the emfs.

I1

I2

Two opposite directed torques are produced.

Working Principle
V=Supply voltage, I=Load current lagging behind V by , Cos = Load Power Factor (Lagging) Ish= Current setup by sh in disc, Ise= Current setup by se in disc The instantaneous value of the toque is given by, Td [shIseCos seIshCos(180-)] Td [shIseCos + seIshCos] Td [shIse +seIsh] cos We know sh V, Ise I, se I, Ish V So Td [VI+VI] cos Td VIcos where & I are RMS values

Power