Flooding & Damaged Stability

So far we consider the stability of an intact ship. In the event of

collision or grounding, water may enter the ship. If flooding is
not restricted, the ship will eventually sink. To prevent this, the
hull is divided into a number of watertight compartments by
watertight bulkheads.

Transverse (or longitudinal) watertight bulkheads can

Minimize the loss of buoyancy

Minimize the damage to the cargo

Minimize the loss of stability
1
B
Too many watertight bulkheads will increase cost & weight of the
ship. It is attempted to use the fewest watertight bulkheads to
obtain the largest possible safety (or to satisfy the
requirement of rule).

Forward peak bulkhead (0.05 L from the bow)
After peak bulkhead
Engine room: double bottom
Tanker: (US Coast Guard) Double Hull (anti pollution)

EFECTOS
Trim when a compartment is open to Sea
0 0
1 1
W.L. before the damage
W.L. after the damage
W L
WL

If W
1
L
1
is higher at any point than the main deck at which the
bulkheads stop (the bulkhead deck) it is usually considered
that the ship will be lost (sink) because the pressure of water
in the damaged compartments can force off the hatches and
unrestricted flooding will occur all fore and aft.
THE EFFECTS OF BILGING AN EMPTY AMIDSHIPS COMPARTMENT
The changes in draught and stability when a compartment becomes flooded
due to damage can be investigated by either of two methods:
(1) the lost buoyancy (constant displacement) method, or;
(2) the added weight method.
Lost buoyancy (constant
displacement) method
So it is assumed that the sinkage of the
vessel is caused by the redistribution of
the intact underwater volume. Since
nothing has been loaded and the
effective volume of displacement is the
same, the assumptions of this approach
are:
(1)Volume of displacement (and
displacement) remain constant, and;
(2)KG remains constant
Added weight method

This assumes that the floodwater entering the ship increases the displacement and affects
the ships KG by reason of the effect of added mass and (in some cases) the effect of the
introduced free surface. Essentially the problem is approached in the same way that would
apply when a tank is either partially or fully filled during routine ship operations.
EJERCICIO 1

A box-shaped vessel has length 75 m, breadth 12 m and is floating on an even keel draught in
salt water of 2.5 m. In this condition the KG is 3.00 m. An empty forward end compartment of
length 6 m extending the full breadth and depth of the vessel is bilged.
Calculate the draughts in the flooded condition.
EJ ERCICIOS PARA DESARROLLAR EN CLASE
EJERCICIO 2
Asymmetric flooding

1. If the inclination angle is large,
then the captain should let the
corresponding tank flooding.
Then the flooding is
symmetric.
2. If the inclination angle is small,
w
Lost buoyancy :
Heeling moment:
sin ,
sin ,
is the inclination angle.
w
w
w
v
v y
GM v y
vy
GM

u
u u
u
V =
~ =
V
COMUNICACIN LIBRE CON
EL MAR
Floodable length and its computation

Floodable Length: The F.L. at any point within the length of
the ship is the maximum portion of the length, having its center
at the point which can be symmetrically flooded at the
prescribed permeability, without immersing the margin line.
Bulkhead deck: The deck tops the watertight bulkhead

Margin line: is a line 76 mm (or 3) below the bulkhead
at the side of a ship

Without loss of the ship: When the W.L. is tangent to
the margin line.

Floodable length (in short) The length of (part of) the
ship could be flooded without loss of the ship.

Determine Floodable length is essential to determine
1. How many watertight compartments (bulkheads) needed
2. Factor of subdivision (How many water compartments
flooded without lost ship)
0 0 0 0
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 0
Steps for computing the F.L. given , , or
1) Obtain a limit W.L.: ,
2) using the Bonjean Curves to obtain and under .
3) , is the loss of buoyancy due to the flooding.
B W L
W L
B W L
v v
V
V
V V =
( )
1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 0
0
1 0 0 0
4) ,
is the distance of the center of the lost buoyancy from .
5) , is the area of the cross section, is the F.L.
Setting a half of on either
B B
B B v x x x
x B
v A l A l
l
V
V = = V V =
V V
V V = ~
0
side
of the center of lost Buoyancy.
Near the ends of a ship, is
changing rapidly then using the
iterative process to determine .
A
l
6) Repeating (1) to (5) for
a series of . .s tangent to
the margin line at different
positions in the length of the
ship. Then a series of values
of the F.L. can be obtained
for different positions a
W L
long
the ship.
7) Considering the different
permeability coefficients
at different positions along
the ship.

8) Factor of Subdivision F

Factor of subdivision is the ratio of a permissible length to
the F.L.

For example, if F is 0.5, the ship will still float at a W.L. under
the margin line when any two adjacent compartments of the
ship are flooded. If F is 1.0, the ship will still float at a
W.L. under the margin line when any one compartment of
the ship is flooded.

Rules and regulations about the determination of F are set by
many different bureaus all over the world (p126-127)
Clculo FL Mtodo grfico
1. Calcular V diferentes WL
2. Calcular v de avera (damage water)
3. Calcular centroides
4. Calcular curva de rea para cada condicin de WL y curva de volumen
5. Calcular l grficamente


0 n
v V V =
0 0
0
n n
n
V x V x
x
V V

0
V
V
= En la condicin de
Inundacin WL1

= En calado de diseo

x1
x2
l= x1-x2
Taller: Clculo de de curva de flotacin
Teniendo en cuenta la geometra de la embarcacin presentada abajo, generar la curva de
flotacin correspondiente. El calado de diseo ser T = 1,0 m. Para facilitar el clculo, realizar
al menos 5 condiciones de inundacin: dos hacia popa, dos hacia proa y 1 en la inundacin
mxima, en la franja de reserva de flotacin a 76 mm de la cubierta principal. El coeficiente de
permeabilidad de la embarcacin ser v= 0,95
Las dimensiones presentadas en los esquemas estn dadas en m.

Seccin transversal
tpica
Cubierta ppal
D
pp
al
B = 5
ppal
B = 5
ppal
Perfil
2,5
rfil
2,0
20
2,0 1,5
Teniendo en cuenta la geometra de
la embarcacin presentada abajo,
generar la curva de flotacin
correspondiente.
El calado de diseo ser T = 1,0 m.
Para facilitar el clculo, realizar al
menos 5 condiciones de inundacin:
dos hacia popa, dos hacia proa y 1
en la inundacin mxima, en la franja
de reserva de flotacin a 76 mm de
la cubierta principal. El coeficiente
de permeabilidad de la embarcacin
ser n= 0,95
Las dimensiones presentadas en los
esquemas estn dadas en m.
EJERCICIO EN GRUPOS
AREAS PARA LAS DIFERENTES LINEAS DE TRIMADO
LEVER
CALADO
DE
DISEO
W1 W2 WMAX W4 W3
0 0.00 2.12 2.12 2.12 0.58 0
1/2 1.25 5.72 5.80 5.87 4.51 2.91
1 5.00 9.31 9.47 9.62 8.24 6.81
2 5.00 9.00 9.31 9.62 8.39 7.13
3 5.00 8.68 9.16 9.62 8.54 7.44
4 5.00 8.37 9.01 9.62 8.70 7.75
5 5.00 8.06 8.85 9.62 8.85 8.06
6 5.00 7.74 8.70 9.62 9.01 8.37
7 5.00 7.43 8.54 9.62 9.16 8.68
8 5.00 7.12 8.39 9.62 9.31 8.99
9 3.50 5.36 6.74 8.12 7.97 7.80
9 1/2 0.50 2.15 3.66 5.12 5.04 4.96
10 0.00 0.00 0.58 2.12 2.12 2.12