ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Learning Objective
You should be able: Configure electron configuration Differentiate between each atomic bonding Briefly describe ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen and van der waals bonds Relate the atomic bonding with material properties

Use Your Previous Knowledge on:

Subatomic particle Atomic number Atomic mass Isotopes and isobar

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Electron configuration
electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in atom, molecule

Knowledge of the electron configuration of different atoms is useful:

understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements. describing the chemical bonds that hold

Stable configuration
Stable elements have equal numbers of
Electrons Protons Neutrons

Stable elements have a neutral charge

1 Electron (-) plus 1 Proton (+) plus 1 Neutron (0) = NO CHARGE

Electron configuration
electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body

Electrons are on the shells around the nucleus. Each shell has a name The first shell is k Followed by l, m, n, o, p & q

 Shells hold only a limited number of electrons Different shells hold different numbers K holds only 2 electrons L holds 8 electrons M holds up to 18 electrons Each shell (energy level) consist of subshell (sublevel). Each type of sublevel holds a different orbitals. An orbital is a space that can be occupied by up to two electrons

The number of available electron states in some of the electron shells and subshells

Principal Quantum number, n

Shell Designation

Subshells

Number of states

Number of electron Per subshell Per shell

s p

1 3 1 3 5

2 6 2 6 10

s p d

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s
p d f

1
3 5 7

2
6 10 14

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Atomic Bonding in solids

Three types of primary or chemical bond are found in solids
Ionic Covalent Metallic inter atomic bonding

Secondary Bonding
Van der Waals Hydrogen Bonding

Ionic Bonding
Electron are transferred to form a bond Often found in compounds composed of electropositive elements (metals) and electronegative elements (non metals)

Na valance +1

Cl valance -1

Crystal structure of ionic material

EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING

Predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl MgO CaF 2 CsCl
Ti 1.5 Cr 1.6 Fe 1.8 Ni 1.8 Zn 1.8 As 2.0

H 2.1 Li 1.0 Na 0.9 K 0.8 Rb 0.8 Cs 0.7 Fr 0.7

Be 1.5 Mg 1.2 Ca 1.0 Sr 1.0 Ba 0.9 Ra 0.9

O 3.5

F 4.0 Cl 3.0 Br 2.8 I 2.5 At 2.2

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn -

Give up electrons

Acquire electrons
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General characteristic and properties

Characteristic Non-directional Bond and strong bond. Bonding Energy 150-370 Kcal/mol Examples- NaCl 183 Kcal/mol, LiF 240 Kcal/mol

Properties
Generally solids at room temperature High melting and boiling point
The no. of charge on the ions The size of ions

Hard brittle Poor conductors of electricity in solid state Good conductor in solution or when molten

Covalent Bonding
Electrons are shared to form a bond

EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING

H2
H 2.1 Li 1.0 Na 0.9 K 0.8 Rb 0.8 Cs 0.7
Fr 0.7

column IVA

H2O C(diamond)

F2
He -

Be 1.5 Mg 1.2 Ca 1.0

Sr 1.0 Ba 0.9

SiC
Ti 1.5 Fe 1.8 Ga 1.6

C 2.5 Si 1.8
Ni 1.8 Zn 1.8

O 2.0

F 4.0 Cl 3.0 Br 2.8 I 2.5

At 2.2

Ne Ar Kr Xe -

Cl2

Cr 1.6

Ge 1.8
Sn 1.8 Pb 1.8

As 2.0

Rn -

Ra 0.9

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

GaAs

Molecules with nonmetals Molecules with metals and nonmetals Elemental solids Compound solids (about column IVA)

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Covalent Bonding General Characteristics

Bonding energy 75-300 Kcal/mol Covalent bonding most frequently occurs between atoms with similar electronegativities. Directional bond-strength of bond is not equal in all directions ( atoms do not connect in all direction) Low or No electrical conductivity Very hard, high melting temperature Examples Si 84 Kcal/mol, GaAs 75 Kcal/mol, Diamond 170 Kcal/mol

Metallic Bonding
Founds in metals and their alloys

Metallic Bonding General Characteristics

Bonding energy 25-200 Kcal/mol Nondirectional Bond-strength of bond is equal in all directions Good electrical conductivity-cloud electron are free to move to conduct electricity Ductile, opaque Examples Na 26 Kcal/mol, Al 74 Kcal/mol, Cu 81 Kcal/mol It involves the delocalized sharing of free electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.

Secondary Bonding
Van der Waals Bonding
Weak secondary bond (< 10 Kcal/mol) Often bonding force between molecules Example- PVC can be deformed by breaking Van der Waals bonds between molecules

Hydrogen Bonding
Special type of secondary bond between some molecules containing H Example bonds between molecules of water

molecules
molecule is considered the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its composition and chemical properties. Most common molecules are bound together by strong covalent bonds i.e F2, O2, H2 (diatomic molecules) or H2O, CO2 (host of compounds)

The smallest molecule is the hydrogen molecule

SUMMARY: PRIMARY BONDS

Ceramics
(Ionic & covalent bonding):

Large bond energy

large Tm large E small a

Metals
(Metallic bonding):

Variable bond energy

moderate Tm moderate E moderate a

Polymers
(Covalent & Secondary):

Directional Properties
Secondary bonding dominates small T small E large a

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SUMMARY: BONDING
Type
Ionic

Bond Energy
Large!
Variable large-Diamond small-Bismuth Variable large-Tungsten small-Mercury smallest

Comments
Nondirectional (ceramics)
Directional semiconductors, ceramics polymer chains)

Covalent

Metallic

Nondirectional (metals) Directional inter-chain (polymer) inter-molecular

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Secondary