TURBOVISORY INSTRUMENTS

What is T.S.I.
The T.S.I. perform function of monitoring turbine health by measuring certain parameters of turbine continuously.

T.S.I parameters
I. Speed II. Shaft Vibration III. Axial shift IV. Rotor expansion V. Differential expansion VI. Casing overall expansion

14 March 2014

PMI Revision 00

DIFF. EXPANSION ABS EXPANSION DIFF. EXPANSION REL SHAFT VIBRATION

ABSOLUTE BRG

RELATIVE SHAFT VIBRATION ABSOLUTE BRG VIBRATION

ABS BRG VIBRATION

REL SHAFT VIBRATION

VIBRATION

ABS BRG VIBRATION DIFF. EXPANSION

ABS EXPANSION AXIAL SHAFT POSITION REL SHAFT VIBRATION

14 March 2014

ABSOLUTE BRG VIBRATION

REL SHAFT VIBRATION
PMI Revision 00 5

ABS BRG VIBRATION

LOCATION OF DETECTORS
4 5 6 1 2 3 8 5 6 2 4 2 5 6 7 3 NUMBER OF THERMOCOUPLE NUMBER OF RTD 2 5 6 3 2 6 6 2

1
2 3 4 5 6 7

HALL PROBES OVERALL EXPANSION DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION AXIAL SHIFT RELATIVE SHAFT VIBRATION ABSOLUTE BRNG. VIBRATION TURNING GEAR

SPEED MEASUREMENT

HALL PROBE
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BASIC ARRANGEMENT OF HALL PROBES AT BEARING 1

DISK

PERMANENT MAGNETS

N-POLE S-POLE
SENSOR
BRACKET 9 WIRE

HALL PROBE (USED FOR SPEED MEASUREMENT)

PRINCIPLE : Magnetic Field Applied Perpendicular To The Direction Of Drift F = q (E + V*B) In Y direction the force is Fy = q( Ey Vx Bz ) Ey = Vx Bz Ey = Hall Effect HALL VOLTAGE VAB = (Rh. B. I )/ W Ix
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Bz

Ix

(+)

(-) A
Ey B

Ex w

HALL PROBE IN BEARING NO. 1 PEDESTAL

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OVERSPEED TRIP BOLTS IN TURBINE ROTOR

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OVERSPEED TRIP BOLTS IN BEARING NO. 1 PEDESTAL

VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

VIBRATION MONITORING
WHAT IS VIBRATION ? WHAT CAUSES VIBRATION ?

HOW DO WE MEASURE VIBRATION ?

HOW DO WE ANALYSE VIBRATION ?
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Basic Theory Of Vibration

Simple Spring Mass System
Max Acceleration, Min Velocity Displacement Max Acceleration, Min Velocity

Upper Limit Neutral Position Lower Position Max Velocity, Min Acceleration

IT FOLLOWS SINE CURVE

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What Is Vibration?

It is the response of a system to an internal or external force which causes the system to oscillate.
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2. Measurement direction Horizontal, Vertical, Axial.

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VIBRATION MONITORING
Modes of Amplitudes DISPLACEMENT

VELOCITY
ACCELERATION SPIKE ENERGY
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Physical Significance Of Vibration Amplitude

Displacement : Strain Indicator

Velocity : Fatigue Indicator

Acceleration : Force Indicator

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WHEN TO USE DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY & ACCELERATION

VIBRATION SENSITIVITY 10 DISPLACEMENT

1 VELOCITY

.1

.01

.001

ACCELERATION

FREQUENCY CPM

60

600

6000

60000

600 000

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The significance
Displacement gives the strain energy Velocity gives the kinetic energy Acceleration gives the force Spike energy/HFD/gE are special ways to measure acceleration only.

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VIBRATION MONITORING
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
DISPLACEMENT VELOCITY - MICRONS - MM / SEC.

ACCELERATION

- MM / SEC2 , G
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Vibration Sensors
Acceleration Sensor Accelerometer Velocity sensor Velocity sensor or seismic sensor Displacement sensor - Non Contact pickup

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Accelerometer
Piezoelectricity Emf proportional to force Emf proportional to acceleration (Mass constant) Hence called accelerometer
14 March 2014

Accelerometer
PMI Revision 00 26

Accelerometer

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Accelerometer cont..
Uses piezoelectric crystal Normally uses internal amplifier for boosting signal It will have low temp application up to 150 degree C For high temperature application amplifier is not given inside This causes low signal strength and we use gold plated contacts and small cable lengths (output rated in pc per g). The amplification is done outside Normal accelerometer (amplifier inside) will have strong signal output and can sustain cable lengths of 300 meter Can measure Acceleration, velocity and displacement Available in several design, can go from DC to 10k Hz freq (600,000 CPM) It is advised to involve suppliers or persons knowledgeable in this area to choose accelerometers for on line monitoring applications
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Velocity sensor
Output=B*l*V B & l are constant Output is proportional to velocity, hence the name Velocity sensor
Spring
Magnet Coil Magnet

Terminals

Damper

Aluminum case

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Velocity sensor cont.

This is self generating (764 mv per mm/sec) Can sustain cable length of 1000 feet easily For longer length intermediate amplification is needed The temperature rating is higher up to 250 degree C (no electronics inside) Sensitive to 60,000 CPM Can check velocity and displacement only

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Non contact type

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Non contact sensor Installation in a Turbine

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VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTATION

SHAFT VIBRATION - PROXIMITY PROBE

BEARING VIBRATION - VELOCITY PICK UP

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ABSOLUTE BEARING VIBRATION

VELOCITY TRANSDUCER SEISMIC MASS TYPE Works on PLUNGER COIL PRINCIPLE. Two permanent magnets rigidly fixed to the casing with coils arranged as seismic mass. The Relative motion between the coil and magnet generates voltage proportional to vibration velocity.
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SIESMIC MASS : Plunger Coil principle

Natural frequency of spring mass system = 2f = c/m m = mass of plunger coil with spring C = spring constant Above ,coil stands still due to its mass inertia

When coupling the siesmic sensor to vibrating structure,a relative movement is generated between permanent magnet & plunger coil.a voltage is induced in the coil Which is proportional to the vibration velocity : e=B.l.V 6 l= Length of conductors B= magnetic induction v =speed of vib. 3 N 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Exciter of vibration Permanent Magnet Plunger Coil Magnetic Return Path Spring Sensor Case

S 1

ABSOLUTE SHAFT VIBRATION

RELATIVE SHAFT VIBRATION IS BASED ON EDDY CURRENT PRINCIPLE. PROXIMOTY PROBE SENSES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PROBE TIP AND THE OBSERVED SURFACE. PROXIMETER GENERATES A RADIO FREQUENCY SIGNAL, WHICH IS RADIATED THROUGH THE PROBE TIP INTO THE OBSERVED SURFACE. EDDY CURRENTS ARE GENERATED IN THE SURFACE AND LOSS OF STRENGTH IN THE RETURN SIGNAL IS DETECTED BY THE PROXIMETER.

PROXIMITY TRANSDUCER
SENSES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PROBE TIP AND OBSRVED SURFACE PROXIMETER GENERATES RF SIGNAL, RADIATED THROUGH PROBE TIP INTO OBSERVED SURFACE. EDDY CURRENTS ARE GENERATED IN THE SURFACE AND THE LOSS OF STRENGTH IN THE RETURN SIGNAL IS DETECTED. LOSS OF POWER PROPORTIONAL TO GAP BETWEEN PROXIMETER & CONDUCTIVE BODY.
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PROXIMITY SENSOR :
Eddy Current

CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL PROXIMITOR

Radio Frequency Signal
OBSERVED MATERIAL EXTENSION CABLE AND PROBE

PROXIMITOR

OSCILLATOR

DETECTOR

VOLTAGE
0 39 100

VOLTS PROBE GAP

THE PROXIMITY PRINCIPLE:

Eddy Current

CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL PROXIMITOR

Radio Frequency Signal

The oscillator in the matching unit supplies(RF signal) the coil in the sensor

with a load Independent,high frequency alternating current.if the sensor is

brought near to a metal object,the eddy currents are induced in surface of the object and the power is absorbed thus alternating the voltage across

the coil.The alternating voltage is proportional to the distance between the

measured Object and the sensor.the output independent D.C. Voltage signal.
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amplifier forms a load

SHAFT & BEARING VIBRATION PICK UP

14 March 2014

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BEARING / SHAFT VIBRATION PICK UP MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 4 PEDESTAL

PROXIMITY PROBE

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RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE EXPANSION

EXPANSION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

OVERALL EXPANSION - POSITION TRANSMITTER DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION MEASUREMENT - PROXIMITY PROBE AXIAL SHIFT MEASUREMENT - PROXIMITY PROBE

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OVERALL EXPANSION PICK UP

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OVERALL EXPANSION MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 1 PEDESTAL

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DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR SMALL 00 EXPANSION) PMI & Revision AXIAL SHIFT PICK UP

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RELATIVE EXPANSION
If a relative movement is occur between turbine shaft and casing ,the air gap changes and, as a result the inductance of sensor coils changes inversely Turbine Shaft Power Supply Unit l1 d1 d2 Turbine Casing L1 L2 d1 d2 Sensor Coils Air gap Small relative Expansion,Shaft with Collar
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l2 I

Measuring Attachment

IP DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PICK UP MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 3 PEDESTAL

DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR LARGE EXPANSION) PICK UP

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AXIAL SHIFT MEASUREMENT AT IP COLLAR

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RELATIVE EXPANSION :

d1

d2

Power Supply Unit

L1 Turbine Casing L1 L2 d1 d2 Sensor Coils Air gap

L2

Measuring I Attachment

Large Relative Expansion, Shaft with double cone

DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR LARGE EXPANSION) PICK UP

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LP DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PICK UP MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 4 PEDESTAL

RANGE OF MEASUREMENT
AXIAL SHIFT BEFORE : -0.5mm TO +0.5mm AXIAL SHIFT AFTER RECOMMENDATION OF TRIP COMMITTEE : -1mm TO +1mm DIFF. EXPANSION BRNG 1 : -5 TO +16 mm DIFF. EXPANSION BRNG 3 : -5 TO +16 mm DIFF. EXPANSION BRNG 4 : -10 TO +38mm

THANK YOU