Five More Steps to Research Paper Success:

Documentation, Style, and Full-text Citation

The Research Process in Five More Steps

Lead into, contextualize, and elaborate on quotes. Cite paraphrases. Document sources using appropriate style. Create a works cited list. Include title page, abstract, appendix, footnotes, or endnotes if appropriate.

Leading Into Quotes

Lead into quotes to . . .

Avoid plagiarism. Transition. Include source information in-text rather than in parenthetical citation.

Worse: Richard Worsnop states that many in law enforcement believe capital punishment is the least cost-effective way of reducing violent crime (Will Support for Executions Continue to Grow? 349). Better: In Will Support for Executions Continue to Grow?, Richard Worsnop states that many in law enforcement believe capital punishment is the least cost-effective way of reducing violent crime (349).

Leading Into Quotes (Continued)

Stock lead-in phrases:

According to . . . In Title of Book, Jane Doe states . . . As John Smith argues in Title of Article, . . .

Contextualizing Quotes

Contextualize quotes . . .
By providing enough information from them. By recording that information in complete sentences.

Worse: According to Richard Worsnop in Will Support for Executions Continue to Grow?, A Gallup Poll taken in September 1994 reported that 80 percent of the respondents (357). Better: In Will Support for Executions Continue to Grow?, Richard Worsnop states, A Gallup Poll taken in September 1994 reported that 80 percent of the respondents favored the death sentence for persons convicted of murder (357).

Contextualizing Quotes (Continued)

Contextualize quotes . . .
By connecting them to the sentences that come before and after.

Better: In the United States, most of the population believes the death penalty is an effective means for deterring capital crimes. Accounting for this majority opinion in Will Support for Executions Continue to Grow?, Richard Worsnop cites a Gallup Poll taken in September 1994 [which] reported that 80 percent of the respondents [polled from across the country] favored the death sentence for persons convicted of murder (357).

Elaborating on Quotes

Elaborate on quotes to . . .
Clarify a point Explain an idea or concept Illustrate Show cause and effect Reinforce Compare Contradict

Elaborating on Quotes (Continued)

Stock words and phrases to . . .

Clarify:

In other words More specifically That is or that is to say

Illustrate:

For example For instance Such as

Elaborating on Quotes (Continued)

Stock words and phrases to . . .

Show cause and effect:

Therefore Thus So As a result

Reinforce:

As we have seen Moreover Furthermore

Elaborating on Quotes (Continued)

Stock words and phrases to . . .

Compare

Likewise Similarly In the same way

Contradict

Although or though However But Despite or in spite of In contrast

Elaborating on Quotes (Continued)

Which of the five (to clarify, explain, illustrate, reinforce, or contradict) is being done in the bolded elaboration?
. . . George LaBaron, who researched cloning [. . .], discovered a wide divergence in the origins of his sources [. . . .] La Barons investigations showed that [a] Christianity site is sponsored by [. . .] a group devoted to the fight against cloning. The New Scientist site, [however, is] devoted to medical advances, [including stem cell research]. LaBaron found that Reason.com is a Libertarian site with this description: Reason provides a refreshing alternative to rightwing and left-wing opinion magazines [. . . .] Despite this disclaimer, LaBaron found Reason.com more liberal than middle of the road. Source: Lester, James D. Composing from Sources. New York: Pearson, 2004. 314.

Citing Paraphrases

Always acknowledge the sources you draw your ideas from, even if the words you use are not exactly the same.
Source: Reflecting the new optimism, the Fannie Mae Foundation recently pledged $35 million in financing and challenge grants toward construction of new, subsidized housing.

Paraphrase: According to William Triplett in Ending Homelessness, $35 million in government subsidies to the housing market is a direct result of American hopes to eradicate homelessness (541).

Source: Triplett, William. Ending Homelessness. CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004. 541-564.

Citing Paraphrases (Continued)

Many students believe that they do not need to acknowledge sources when they have only paraphrased and not quoted material. However, using the ideas of others in any form without citation constitutes plagiarism.

Citing Paraphrases (Continued)

Paraphrase and cite part or all of the following:

Loss of privately owned, low-income shelter compounded the problem [of homelessness]. Rooming houses, once a common residential option in big cities, became an endangered housing species. Many of the structures, especially those in gentrified neighborhoods, were returned to single-family use and sold at handsome profits (543).
Source: Triplett, William. Ending Homelessness. CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004. 541-564.

Style

When citing sources within your paper, do so according to the guidelines of an appropriate style. Students writing within different disciplines are often required to use certain citation styles. The following are the most common:
1) Humanities: Modern Language Association (MLA) and Chicago styles 2) Social and natural sciences: American Psychological Association (APA) style 3) Other sciences: Scientific Style and Format (CBE)

Style (Continued)

Regardless of the style you use, always look for key information. In in-text citations, you will almost always need . . .
Name of author Title of work Page number

Style (Continued)

MLA and APA are by far the two most common styles. Compare the basic information required for each style:
MLA
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Author Title of work Page number -----

APA
Author (Last name only) Title of work Page number Page abbreviation (p.) Date of publication

Style (Continued)

Compare the following passages formatted according to MLA and APA styles:
MLA: In A Tale of Two Divorces, Anne Roiphe argues that divorce is the terrible knife that rends families asunder (189).* APA: In A Tale of Two Divorces, Roiphe (1995) argued that divorce is the terrible knife that rends families asunder (p.189).*

Note that basic information like the authors name, the title, and the page number are present in both passages while a date and page abbreviation are included only in the one using APA.
*

Source: Roiphe, Anne. A Tale of Two Divorces. The Riverside Reader. 8th ed. Eds. Joseph Trimmer and Maxine Hairston. Boston: HoughtonMifflin, 2005. 185-195.

Style (Continued)

Rewrite the following quote twice using both MLA and APA styles. Remember to . . .
1) Lead into the quote. 2) Provide the appropriate source information in-text. 3) Provide any additional source information that is relevant in parentheses.
Cities began to rely more on law enforcement to deal with homelessness, such as anti-panhandling ordinances (545).
Source: Triplett, William. Ending Homelessness. CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004. 541-564.

Style (Continued)

Once you have included all the necessary information in your initial acknowledgement to a source, you only need to use the authors last name or a personal pronoun, as well as a page number (if available), to refer to that source thereafter. Consider the following passage formatted according to MLA:
In A Tale of Two Divorces, Anne Roiphe states that divorce is the terrible knife that rends families asunder (189). Despite this assertion, she goes on to say that we will always need [it] as an emergency escape hatch (193).
Source: Roiphe, Anne. A Tale of Two Divorces. The Riverside Reader. 8th ed. Eds. Joseph Trimmer and Maxine Hairston. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 2005. 185-195.

Works Cited Lists

In works cited (MLA) or reference (APA) lists, always record the following information if it is available, regardless of the style you use:
Name of the author Title of the work Publishing information Date the work was published

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Compare the following entries using the MLA and APA styles:
MLA: Borthwick, Mark. Pacific Entry. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998. APA: Borthwick, M. (1998). Pacific Entry (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Note that both entries contain the same information but are formatted differently.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Entries for books always include the following information if it is available:

Author (Last name first) Title of work (Underlined or italicized) Publication data (Place, publisher, and year)

Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Compare the following entries for the same book in MLA and APA formats:
MLA: Nossiff, Rosemary. Before Roe : Abortion Policy in the States. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2001. APA: Nossiff, R. (2001). Before Roe : Abortion Policy in the States. Philadelphia: Temple UP.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Entries for newspapers or periodicals (magazines and journals) always include the following information if it is available:
Author (Last name first) Title of article Title of newspaper or periodical (Underlined or italicized) Publication data (Date and volume, issue, and page numbers)
Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Compare the following entries for the same journal article in MLA and APA formats:
MLA: Plantinga, Carl. Spectacles of Death: Clint Eastwood and Violence in Unforgiven. Cinema Journal 37.2 (1998): 65-83. APA: Plantinga, C. (1998). Spectacles of death: Clint Eastwood and violence in Unforgiven. Cinema Journal, 37(2), 65-83.

Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Entries for online articles always include the following information if it is available:
Author (Last name first) Title Publication data (Date and volume, issue, and page numbers) Retrieval date Online location (URL, database, or information service)
Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Compare the following entries for the same online article in MLA and APA formats:
MLA: Slatin, John. La Zambinella Meets the Cyborg: Barthes, S/Z, and Print-Based Literary Studies. CWRL: The Electronic Journal of Computers, Writing, Rhetoric, and Literature 3 (1997). 12 Nov. 1999 <http://www.cwrl.utex.edu/~cwrl/v3n1/zaminella/ index.html>. APA: Slatin, J. (1997). La Zambinella meets the cyborg: Barthes, S/Z, and print-based literary studies. [Electronic version]. CWRL: The Electronic Journal of Computers, Writing, Rhetoric, and Literature, 3. Retrieved Nov. 12, 1999, from <http://www.cwrl.utex.edu/~cwrl/ v3n1/zaminella/index.html>
Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

As works cited or reference lists vary widely, you will need to consult an appropriate style manual to record your entries accurately. Consult an English handbook first to . . .
Find an overview of many or all of the styles. Answer most of your questions about style. Skim more easily.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Consult expanded style manuals when . . .

Your questions remain unanswered. You need more specific information.

Five authoritative manuals:

The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers The Publication Manual of the APA The Chicago Manual of Style Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual The Columbia Guide to Online Style.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Format your works cited or reference list according to the following guidelines:
Organize list by each authors last name alphabetically. Alphabetize by title if authors name is unavailable. The first line of each entry should begin at the margin. Each line thereafter should be indented. A second work by the same author should begin with three hyphens (---) instead of the authors name:

Franits, Wayne E. Domesticity, Privacy, Civility, and the Transformation of Adrianen van Ostades Art. . . . ---. Paragons of Virtue. Women and Domesticity in SeventeenthCentury Dutch Art. . . .

Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

Use the following source information to prepare a brief works cited list according to MLA and APA guidelines:
Author: Title of work: National Geographic Atlas of the World, 7th edition Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 1999 16 Carl Plantinga Spectacles of Death: Clint Eastwood and Violence in Unforgiven Cinema Journal, Vol. 37, Issue 2, 1998 65-83

Publishing data: Pages:

Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Research Paper Addenda

When necessary, you should also include . . .

A title page An abstract Appendix Footnotes Endnotes

Title Page

A title page includes . . .

The title of your paper Your name The course name Your teachers name The date

Abstract

An abstract is a summary (usually 50 to 250 words) of your paper. They should identify . . .
Your topic The conversation you are joining Your research question and thesis statement
Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Appendix

Place additional material in an appendix toward the end of the paper but before the works cited or reference list. An appendix might compile the following information:
Computer data Questionnaire results Complicated statistics Mathematical proofs Detailed descriptions of special equipment

Source: Lester, James. Composing from Sources. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004.

Footnotes and Endnotes

Use footnotes or endnotes . . .

To record additional information that might not be directly relevant to your paper. As a substitute for parenthetical citation (MLA or APA) when using Chicago style.

Footnotes and Endnotes (Continued)

The following is cited according to Chicago style:

Colorado Senate Bill 186 mandates that every public school be assessed, or tested, and given two grades: one based on test scores in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and one based on safety.1

Notes
1. State of Colorado General Assembly, Senate Bill 00-186, 31 January 2000, http: leg.state.co.us/inetcbill.nsf/fsbillcont/ 222894FAE70D5C6E87256840071E6D3?Open&file=186_enr.pdf (15 April 2000).
Source: Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.