Tn hiu v tinh GPS

1. Tn s v iu ch
2. Mc cng sut
3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut
4. Hm tng quan cho & hiu nng CDMA
5. nh dng bn tin GPS
Tng quan v tn hiu GPS
V tinh GPS truyn tn hiu nh v trn 2 tn s:
Tn s s cp L1 (1.575,42 MHz)
Tn s th cp L2 (1.227,6 MHz)
Tn hiu c iu ch DSSS bao gm:
Sng mang
M tri ph PRN (duy nht vi mi v tinh)
Bn tin nh v
Tt c cc v tinh GPS truyn tn hiu CDMA cng
mt tn s sng mang.




Tng quan v tn hiu GPS
bm tn hiu ca mt v tinh cng trong tm nhn vi
nhiu v tinh khc, b thu GPS phi pht lp li bn sao
ca:
Dy PRN ca v tinh
Tn hiu sng mang vi Doppler
My thu 2 tn s cho php o tr tng in ly bi tr ny
c quan h vi h s vi sai gia 2 tn s sng mang ca
tn hiu o TOA.
Trong khi , my thu 1 tn s phi c lng tr tng
in ly bng cc tham s m hnh c pht qung b
trong bn tin nh v.
1. Tn s v iu ch
1. Tn s v iu ch
Tn s c bn
o
= 10,23MHz
Tn s L1 = 154
o
Tn s L2 = 120
o
C 2 m PRN l m C/A v m P
M C/A: tc chp 1,023x10
6
chips/s (
o
/10)
M P: tc chp 10,23x10
6
chips/s (
o
), c mt
m ha vi m P => m P(Y)
Bn tin nh v c tc 50 bps, c cng modulo 2
vi m tri ph trc khi iu ch.
iu ch BPSK c s dng.
Pha sng mang c dch 90
o
trc khi iu ch vi m
C/A v data.
(a) Sng mang L1
(pha 0
o
)
(b) Sng mang L1
(pha 90
o
)
(c) P(Y) XOR data
(d) C/A XOR data
(e) P(Y) XOR data
iu ch vi
sng mang L1
pha 0
o
(f) C/A XOR data
iu ch vi
sng mang L1
pha 90
o
(g) Tn hiu L1
tng hp
1. Tn s v iu ch
B to m GPS
B to m C/A
B to m P
M P ca GPS l dy
PRN to bi 4 thanh
ghi dch 12-bit X1A,
X1B, X2A, X2B.



X2 c a vo
thanh ghi dch tr
c X2i (s nhp tr
tng ng vi PRN
ca mi v tinh)
M P ca v tinh i s l
1 1 1
2 2 2
X X A X B
X X A X B
=
=
1 2 Pi X X i =
1. Tn s v iu ch


1. Tn s v iu ch

Cc a thc sinh ca b to m GPS
1. Tn s v iu ch

Chu k t nhin ca c 2 thanh ghi b ct ngn
Chu k t nhin: 4095 chips
Chu k X1A v X2A: 4092 chips
Chu k X1B v X2B: 4093 chips
Cc thanh ghi s reset khi sau 4092 hay 4093 chips
Thit k nh vy nhm m bo pha vt trc ca
thanh ghi X1A vi X1B, tng t vi X2A v X2B.
Cng c pha vt trc gia cp thanh ghi X2A/X2B
so vi X1A/X1B. S dng b m chia 37 lm cho pha
vt trc l 37 chips cho mi chu k gia X1 v X2
v nh vy chu k X2 di hn X1 l 37 chips.
1. Tn s v iu ch

Chi tit pha vt trc nh sau:
Chu k X1 c nh ngha l 3750 chu k X1A, tng
ng 3750 x 4092 = 15.345.000 chips, ~1,5 giy.
Sau 3749 chu k ca X1B, mi chu k 4093 chips,
tng ng 3749 x 4093 = 15.344.657 chips.
ng b vi X1A, X1B phi dng v ch 343 chips
(cho n ht chu k 1,5s)
Nh vy, X1 c chu k l 15.345.000 chips.
Tng t vi X2A v X2B, ch khc khi kt thc
15.345.000 chips, c 2 thanh ghi cng dng v ch 37
chips ti khi bt u ca tun.
Nh vy, cc thanh ghi X2 c chu k 15.345.037
chips, hn 37 chips so vi X1.
1. Tn s v iu ch

Lu rng, nu trong trng hp khng thc hin
reset vo cui mi tun, dy P = XOR(X1, X2) s c
di l 15.345.000 x 15.345.037 = 2,3547 x 10
14

chips. Tc chip l 10.23 x 10
6
, dy s c chu k l
266,41 ngy hay 38,058 tun.
Tuy nhin do ct ngn ti cui tun, mi v tinh ch s
dng on m ca 1 tun nn c 38 on ring bit s
dng cho mi v tinh.
Vy di ca m P ct ngn 7-ngy l 6,1871 x
10
12
chips.
Tng ng vi m C/A, 37 m c nh ngha v s
dng.
M P th 38 c dng lm m test cho my thu GPS
2. Mc cng sut

Mc cng sut tn hiu thu ti thiu ca 3 tn hiu GPS, tnh
theo dBW, nh sau:










S dng ng-ten RHCP, phn cc tuyn tnh, tng ch 3-dB
2. Mc cng sut

2. Mc cng sut

V d:
Tn hiu L1 C/A, cng sut yu cu l:
-158.5 3.0 + 184 + 0.5 + 3.4 = 26.8 dbW
Nu ng-ten v tinh L1 c tng ch ti thiu l 13.4dB trong
trng hp gc nhn 14.3
o
th cng sut my pht ti thiu
cho m C/A l


m bo yu cu k thut, cng sut ti thiu a ti
ng-ten pht ca v tinh phi t:
L1: 32.9W
L2: 6.6W

( )
1
10
log 26.8 13.4 /10 21.9W

( =


3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

Tnh t tng quan ca cc m PRN trong GPS l c
s ca qu trnh gii iu ch.
Mt ph cng sut ca m PRN xc nh bng
thng yu cu truyn v nhn cc tn hiu tri ph.
Cc m PRN c hm tng quan dng tam gic lp li
theo chu k, dng ph gn ging dy gi ngu nhin
di cc i (Maximum Length sequences).
M PRN khng thc s l dy gi ngu nhin di
cc i bi v:
Tnh tng quan cho ca dy ML khng tt i vi GPS
Khong thi gian x l trong my thu GPS rt ngn (1- 5ms)
nn lm tng xc sut tm kim sai nh hm tng quan.
3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

Hm t tng quan ca tn hiu GPS C/A nh sau

3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

Hm t tng quan ca m C/A 1023 chips hay 1ms
c dng tam gic nh sau:

C nhng thay i nh khong gia hai nh tng
quan so vi mc 1/1023 ca dy ML 10-bit.
Chnh s thay i ny gy ra s thay i trn ng
bao ph dng sinc
2
(x)

3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

ng bao ph ca dy ML chnh l ng sinc
2
(x)
ch tr thnh phn tn s 0 nh vi m C/A th c thay
i nh.


3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

Hm t tng quan ca tn hiu GPS m P nh sau

3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

M P cng khng phi dy ML.
Tuy nhin, do chu k m di, tc chip cao nn hm t tng
quan trng l tng hn.

3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

Khi m GPS kt hp vi s liu 50bps c nh hng
khng ng k ti hm t tng quan v ph cng
sut.
Gi thit dy PRN c iu ch BPSK vi sng
mang, ph cng sut nh sau:

3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

Ph cng sut ca m L1 P(Y) v C/A t b pht tn hiu GPS

3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

Ph cng sut ca m L2 P(Y) t b pht tn hiu GPS

3. Hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut

Ph cng sut ca m L1 C/A t b pht tn hiu GPS

4. Hm tng quan cho v hiu nng CDMA

K thut CDMA: iu ch v gii iu ch trong GPS
da trn vic s dng PRN khc nhau nhng cng
tc chip v tn s sng mang trn mi v tinh.
i vi my thu GPS, bm v tinh, bn sao m
PRN phi c dch pha tng quan vi PRN
pht bi v tinh.
Mi m PRN phi tng quan cho cc tiu vi PRN
ca v tinh khc vi bt k pha hay dch Doppler no
trong 1 chu k m.
4. Hm tng quan cho v hiu nng CDMA

Hm tng quan cho l tng ca m GPS c
nh ngha nh sau:



Phng trnh trn cho thy dng sng PRN ca v
tinh i khng tng quan vi bt k PRN ca v tinh
khc vi dch pha t bt k.
Thc t, iu ny l khng th bi khng th c mt
v tinh t c t tng quan zero ngoi khong
thi gian tng quan ca n.
4. Hm tng quan cho v hiu nng CDMA

K thut CDMA ch kh thi khi tng quan cho gia
tt c cc PRN t c mc nht nh.
Vi m P(Y),
o di m 6,1871x10
12
chips (1-week period)
o Tc chip 10,23Mchip/s
Nn mc tng quan cho l -127dB so vi nh tng
quan.
Vi m C/A
o di m 1023 chips (1-ms period)
o Tc chip 1,023Mchip/s
Nn mc tng quan cho ch khong -24dB so vi nh
tng quan khi Doppler = 0 gia 2 m bt k, trng
hp xu nht c th l -21.1dB.

4. Hm tng quan cho v hiu nng CDMA
4. Hm tng quan cho v hiu nng CDMA
5. nh dng bn tin nh v
C m P(Y) v m C/A u c iu ch vi dng
s liu 50bps.
S liu ny cung cp cho NSD thng tin cn thit
tnh ton chnh xc v tr ca mi v tinh trong tm
nhn v thi gian truyn ca mi tn hiu nh v.
Bn tin nh v c truyn trong 5 khung con, mi
khung con 300 bits bao gm 10 t m 30-bit.
6 bit cui ca mi t m dng cho kim tra chn l
(parity check vi m Hamming) my thu NSD c
th pht hin li bit khi gii iu ch.



5. nh dng bn tin nh v
Mi 5 khung con c truyn bt u t khung 1.
Khung con 4 v 5 bao gm 25 trang (page).
Bit 1-60 ca mi khung con l s liu telemetry (TLM)
v HOW (Handover word).
TLM = 10001011 (8-bit) => fixed preamble my thu
NSD xc nh u khung con.
TLM cng bao gm 14 bits s liu dng cho NSD
c y quyn.



5. nh dng bn tin nh v
HOW : cho php my thu NSD chuyn giao t bm
m C/A sang bm m P(Y), cung cp GPS time-of-
week (TOW) di dng modulo 6 giy tng ng vi
ranh gii ca khung tip theo.
HOW cng cung cp 2 bit c
o 1 ch th kch hot antispoofing
o 1 dng cho cnh bo (cht lng tn hiu rt ti)
5. nh dng bn tin nh v
Khung con 1 cung cp s tun GPS, l s ca tun
modulo 1024, tnh t January 5, 1980, ln chuyn u
tin l August 22, 1999, ln chuyn tip theo l April
2019.
Khung con 1 cha thng tin hiu chnh ng h v
tinh: a
f0
, a
f1
, a
f2
v thi gian ca ng h t
oc
. Cc tham
s ny quan trng trong o chnh xc khong cch
bi n cho php ng b thi gian gia tn hiu
truyn t v tinh v thi gian h thng.
Khung con 2 v 3 cung cp thng tin v qu o v
tinh (cc thnh phn Keplerian), cho php xc nh
chnh xc v tr ca v tinh. Cc thng tin ny cp nht
mi 4 gi.






5. nh dng bn tin nh v
Trang 2-5 v 7-10 ca khung con 4, trang 1-24 ca khung
con 5 cha thng tin almanac cho php my thu NSD xc
nh tng i v tr v tinh. Cc thng tin ny h tr nhn
bit tn hiu.
Trang 13 ca khung con 4 cha cc tham s hiu chnh
o khong cch.
Trang 18 ca khung con 4 cha thng tin hiu chnh li
tng in ly cho my thu n tn v thng s v quan h
thi gian UTC v thi gian GPS.
Trang 25 ca khung con 4 v 5 cung cp thng tin v cu
hnh v trng thi (sc khe) ca cc v tinh t 1-32.
C mt s trang ca khung con 4-5 d phng.

Cc tn hiu GPS mi
Cc tn hiu GPS


Cc tn hiu mi (modernized)
B sung thm:
Hai tn hiu dn s mi: L2C v L5
Tn hiu qun s mi: m M
Cc tn hiu GPS mi
Tn hiu dn s L2C: pht qung b bi v tinh
th h Block IIR-M v IIF
Tn hiu L2C c ph cng sut tng t m C/A,
bng thng 2,046MHz, mc tn hiu ti thiu my
thu l -160dBW,
Tuy nhin L2C c nhiu im khc bit.
L2C s dng 2 PRN cho mi v tinh;
M PRN th nht gi l CM (civil moderate) c chu k
10230 chips;
M PRN th 2 gi l CL (civil long) di hn nhiu CM
vi chu k 767250 chips
Cc tn hiu GPS mi
To tn hiu L2C bng c s
Cc tn hiu GPS mi
Cch to tn hiu L2C
M CM c iu ch vi dng s liu 50-baud (25
bps & m 7 FEC t s 1:2) => nhm d dng hn
trong gii iu ch tn hiu trong mi trng khng
thun li.
M CM c s liu ghp knh vi m CL (khng c s
liu) lm tng kh nng bm tn hiu GPS => y l
im ni bt ca tn hiu GPS mi.
Ghp knh m CM v CL:
2 x 511.5 k-chip/s = 1.023 Mchip/s
To ra tn hiu c ph ging m C/A nhng c di
m ln hn nn kh nng chng nhiu tt hn.
Cc tn hiu GPS mi
To m CM v CL





S dng thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh 27 khu,
mi khu 1-bit.
M c pht vi gi tr khi to khc nhau tng
ng vi mi v tinh
Thanh ghi reset c sau 10230 chips cho m CM v
767250 chips cho CL.
Cc tn hiu GPS mi
Tn hiu L5: pht qung b bi v tinh Block IIF,
mc tn hiu thu khong -154,9dBW
iu ch QPSK kt hp 2 thnh phn I5(in-phase) v
Q5(quadraphase);
I5 c iu ch vi s liu 50bps, s liu ny c m
ha FEC ging nh vi L2C, nn tc symbol l 100
baud;
M PRN tc 10,023MHz c s dng c cho I5 v
Q5, dn n chu k m l 1ms;

To tn hiu L5
Cc tn hiu GPS mi
M ng b Neuman-Hofman (NH) c iu
ch I5 v Q5 ln tc 1-kbaud.
Vi I5, m NH 10-symbol (0000110101) c
pht trong thi gian 10ms v lp li;
Vi Q5, m NH 20-symbol
(00000100110101001110) c s dng;
C mi 1ms, bit ca m NH c cng modulo-
2 vi chip ca m PRN

To m PRN I5 v Q5
Cc tn hiu GPS mi
Tn hiu qun s M M: Pht qung b bi v
tinh th h Block IIR-M, mc tn hiu khong -
158dBW trn L1. T th h Block III tr i, tn
hiu m M s c pht cng sut cao hn
mt s vng a l gii hn, mc cng sut vo
khong -138dBW.
c thit k dng ring cho qun s, nhm
thay th m P(Y). Trong qu trnh chuyn i,
my thu qun s c th dng kt hp m P(Y),
m M v m C/A. Thit b thu nh vy gi l
YMCA.
M Code tng cng bo mt v c ph
tch bit hn khi tn hiu dn dng
trnh b nhiu, tng kh nng chng nhiu.
M Code c tng cng hiu qu bm
tn hiu v gii iu ch s liu so vi m
C/A v m P(Y).
Tn hiu M Code dng iu ch BOC
(Binary Offset Carrier) phn tch ph.
Tn hiu M Code dng BOC
s
(10,5).
Cc tn hiu GPS mi
Tn hiu M Code dng BOC
s
(10,5):
10 x 1,023MHz: tn s sng mang ph
5 x 1,023Mhz: tc chip ca b pht m M Code
Cc tn hiu GPS mi