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- cea mai frecvent condiie inflamatorie cu caracter distructiv din patologia uman; - este o boal inflamatorie cu caracter distructiv ce afecteaz esuturilor de susinere a dinilor (ligamente dento-alveolare, os alveolar) cu formare de pungi parodontale i recesiune gingival; - este determinat de un grup de microorganisme specifice din placa bacterian subgingival.
Boala parodontal este considerat la momentul actual o boal ecologic. Este rezultatul interaciunii ntre anumite microorganisme din biofilmul dentar subgingival i gazd (esuturile parodontale, sistemul de aprare specific i nespecific al organismului).
Clinic
Leziunile din boala parodontal pot fi difereniate n gingivite i parodontite. Diferena ntre aceste forme de boal este legat de prezena:
- recesiunilor gingivale, - a pungilor parodontale i a - pierderii de os alveolar.
Patogenii parodontali
Biofilmul dentar al omului, conform studiilor recente, conine aproximativ 1000 specii bacteriene distincte. Condiiile care trebuie ndeplinite de un microorganism pentru a fi considerat patogen parodontal au fost adaptate de Sigmund Socransky, dup postulatele clasice ale lui Koch.
3.
4. 5.
melor fiind crescut n situs-urile bolnave, comparativ cu situs-urile sntoase. Sa fie eliminat sau s scad numeric din situsurile cu evoluie clinic favorabil sub tratament. S induc un rspuns de aprare al gazdei (un rspuns imun celular sau umoral). S reproduc boala la un animal de experien. S prezinte factori de virulen responsabili de distrucia tesuturilor parodontale.
Patogen
PA + + + ++ +/+++
PC + + + + +/+++
BPN + + + ? +/+++
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
+/-
+
+
++
++
+/++
Tannerella forsythia
Fusobacterium nucleatum
++
+
++
++
?
++
Conform postulatelor lui Socransky speciile bacteriene urmtoare ndeplinesc condiiile pentru a fi considerate patogeni parodontali:
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
1. Asocierea: prezent n numr crescut n leziunile 2.
din parodontitele agresive localizate (PAL) i n unele leziuni periodontale cronice. Eliminarea: eliminat din leziunile cu evoluie bun dup terapie; detectat n leziunile recurente. Rspunsul gazdei: nivelul local al anticorpilor specifici anti - A. actinomycetemcomitans crescut in PAL (parodontita agresiv localizat).
3.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
4. Experimente pe animale: capabil sa induc boala la obolanii gnatobiotici. 5. Factori de virulen: A. actinomycetemcomitans produce:
leucotoxine (probabil cel mai studiat factor de virulen), citotoxine, ce induc apoptoza n celulele imune umane, lipopolizaharidul, proteine de legare, vezicule membranare i
Porphyromonas gingivalis
1. Asociarea: crescut numeric n leziunile perio2.
dontale. Eliminarea: eliminat cu success prin terapie, detectat n leziunile recurente. Rspunsul gazdei: nivelul local i sistemic al anticorpilor anti -P.gingivalis crescut n boala parodontal. Experimente pe animale: deosebit important n reproducerea leziunilor n experimentele pe maimue cynomolgus (infecii mixte, boala parodontal).
3.
4.
Porphyromonas gingivalis
5. Factori de virulen: P. gingivalis produce - diferite proteaze (gingipaine, cistein-proteaze, proteaze arginin i lizin specifice) ce afecteaz integritatea tisular i au rol in eludarea aprrii imune a gazdei; - aderarea la receptorii celulari este urmat de colonizare, care poate fi mediat de hemaglutinine lipopolizaharid i fimbrii; - recent au fost descrise pentru P. gingivalis 6 serotipuri capsulare (capsula inhib fagocitoza, fiind
considerat un important factor de patogenitate, tulpinile capsulate fiind mai virulente dect cele necapsulate).
Bacterii cheie si patobioni Bacterii GN azaharolitice (P. gingivalis) au fost demult asociate BP Intervenia PG pare mai mult ndreptat spre manipularea rspunsului gazdei i mai puin spre inducerea unui rspuns inflamator: induce afectarea rspunsului imun nespecific Pentru c are rol de dirijor i nu de muzician n orchestr, ar fi bacterie cheie, care acioneaz i n afara afectrii homeostaziei gazdei. Bacteriile cheie pot contribui ns la afectarea homeostaziei Patobionii: comensali care afecteaz homeostazia, rspunsul inflamator i inducerea bolii; nu sunt neaparat n numr mic, dar pot aciona n anumite condiii (imunsupresii, deficite codificate genetic, etc) inducnd inflamaia.
Unii patogeni parodontali (T. denticola, T. forsythia, A. actinomycemtocitans) sunt puternic asociai cu rspunsul inflamator distructiv i n plus afecteaz rspunsul imun al gazdei, ntr-o manier care crete ansele de supravieuire ale altor bacterii spectator. Unele bacterii pot juca ambele roluri: -T. denticola este n cantitate redus n biofilum dentar sungingival sntos, dar crete important n pungile parodontale (deci se comport ca un patobiont); -Totui s-a demosntrat c ar putea s influeneze capacitatea de rspuns a gazdei, contribuind la dezechilibrul homeostaziei, ceea ce l ncadreaz n bacteriile cu rol cheie. - Noi bacterii implicate n BP: (Gram pozitiv) Filifactor alocis,
Peptostreptococcus Desulfobulbus
Most studies of the bacterial etiology of periodontitis have used either culture-based or targeted DNA approaches, and so it is likely that pathogens remain undiscovered. The purpose of this study was to use culture-independent, quantitative analysis of biofilms associated with chronic periodontitis and periodontal health to identify pathogens and beneficial species. Samples from subjects with periodontitis and controls were analyzed using ribosomal 16S cloning and sequencing. Several genera, many of them uncultivated, were associated with periodontitis, the most numerous of which were gram positive, including Peptostreptococcus and Filifactor. The genera Megasphaera and Desulfobulbus were elevated in periodontitis, and the levels of several species or phylotypes of Campylobacter, Selenomonas, Deferribacteres, Dialister, Catonella, Tannerella, Streptococcus, Atopobium, Eubacterium, and Treponema were elevated in disease. Streptococcus and Veillonella spp. were found in high numbers in all samples and accounted for a significantly greater fraction of the microbial community in healthy subjects than in those with periodontitis. The microbial profile of periodontal health also included the less-abundant genera Campylobacter, Abiotrophia, Gemella, Capnocytophaga, and Neisseria. These newly identified candidates outnumbered Porphyromonas gingivalis and other species previously implicated as periodontopathogens, and it is not clear if newly identified and more numerous species may play a more important role in pathogenesis. Finally, more differences were found in the bacterial profile between subjects with periodontitis and healthy subjects than between deep and shallow sites within the same subject. This suggests that chronic periodontitis is the result of a global perturbation of the oral bacterial ecology rather than a disease-site specific microbial shift. Sursa: J. Clin. Microbiol. August 2005 vol. 43 no. 8 3944-3955
Surse recente: Periodontal DiseasesAdvances in Research and Treatment: 2012 (aprox 270 Ron)
http://books.google.ro/books?id=YZdfH6i7QuIC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=Desulfobulbus+perio dontal+disease&source=bl&ots=O5jAv4IsUr&sig=MKtzjV8zKRvMsrcw_Q6l0c2dFSQ&hl=ro&sa=X &ei=GBcoU8_WDKSoywPJ8oFo&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Desulfobulbus%20periodo ntal%20disease&f=false
Wednesday, June 20, 2012: 4 p.m. - 5:30 p.m. Presentation Type: Oral Session F. TELES 1, M. PATEL2, R. TELES1, B.J. PASTER1, and S. SOCRANSKY1, 1Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 2The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA Objective: Prevalence data generated using the Human Oral Microbial Identification Microarray have implicated certain uncultivated/unrecognized bacterial taxa in the etiology of periodontitis. The goal of the present study was to examine levels of these uncultivated/unrecognized taxa in periodontal health and disease subjects. Method: 17 oligonucleotide probes targeting 30 uncultivated/unrecognized taxa were employed. Probes for 4 cultivated taxa and a Eubaere also used. Subgingival biofilm samples from 8 periodontitis (n=56) and 4 periodontally healthy (n=28) subjects were individually examined using the RNA-oligonucleotide quantification technique. Signals were converted to picomolars (pM) of RNA based on standard curves. Significance of differences between groups was tested using the Mann-Whitney test. Oral taxon (OT) designations were used in accord with the Human Oral Microbiome Database. Result: The levels of P.gingivalis, F.nucleatum and the uncultivated/unrecognized taxa Synergistetes (OT 363;453;452), TM7 (OT 346;349), Desulfobulbus (OT 041), Bacteroidetes sp (OT 274) were significantly higher (p<0.01) at sites from periodontitis subjects compared to sites from healthy subjects. When pockets 4mm were compared to shallower sites, significantly higher levels of Streptococcus sp (OT 070;071), Bacteroidetes sp (OT 274) Selenomonas sp (OT 134;442), Synergistetes (OT 360), P.gingivalis, and F.nucleatum were observed (p<0.001). Synergistetes (OT 360), TM7 (OT 346;349), Capnocytophaga sp (OT 335), Desulfobulbus (OT 041) and Selenomonas sp (OT 134;442) were the most frequently detected uncultivated/unrecognized taxa in sites from periodontitis subjects (42%, 36%, 34%, 28% and 26% of sites, respectively). While all taxa probed for were detected in periodontitis subjects, 17 uncultivated/unrecognized taxa and 2 cultivable species were never found in sites from healthy subjects, including P.gingivalis. Conclusion: The uncultivated/unrecognized taxa Streptococcus sp (OT 070;071), Bacteroidetes sp (OT 274) Selenomonas sp (OT 134;442), Synergistetes (OT 360), Synergistetes (OT 363;453;452), TM7 (OT 346;349), Desulfobulbus (OT 041), Capnocytophaga sp (OT 335) might be associated with periodontal diseases. This abstract is based on research that was funded entirely or partially by an outside source: NIH;NIDCR R03-DE021742-01; U01-DE021127-01 Keywords: Bacterial, Biofilm, Microbiology and Periodontal disease Sursa: https://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2012rio/webprogram/Paper166153.html
sunt
acumulrii plcii subgingival i a diminurii rspunsului imun, precum i a creterii susceptibilitii odat cu vrsta;
Teoria ecologic
boala parodontal este rezultatul modificrilor habitatului (nutrieni, pH, potenial redox). selecia bacteriilor patogene este influenat direct de schimbrile de mediu; boala nu are o etiologie specific; orice specie cu anumite caracteristici poate contribui la evoluia bolii.
Teoria ecologic
Astfel semnificaia clinic a speciilor nou
descoperite poate fi stabilit pe baza caracterelor fiziologice ale fiecreia; boala poate fi prevenit nu numai prin atacul intit asupra patogenilor parodontali, ci i prin interferarea cu presiunea selectiv a factorilor de mediu responsabili de nmulirea lor.
Veillonella parvula Actinomyces odontolyticus Streptococcus spp. Eikenella corrodens Capnocytophaga spp. Prevotella intermedia/ nigrescens Micromonas micros Campylobacter rectus Fusobacterium nucleatum Porphyromonas gingivalis Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola
Grupul rou
Patogen
PA + + + ++ +/+++
PC + + + + +/+++
BPN + + + ? +/+++
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
+/-
+
+
++
++
+/++
Tannerella forsythia
Fusobacterium nucleatum
++
+
++
++
?
++
Concluzie:
- biofilmul dentar subgingival al strii de sntate poate gzdui n cantiti foarte mici patogeni parodontali, ei fiind incapabili s concureze cu bacteriile Gram pozitive zaharolitce dominante.
La
acumularea biofilmului, rspunsul inflamator care apare duce la creterea fluxului lichidului crevicular gingival cu alterarea status-ului nutriional local; acesta duce la nmulirea bacteriilor proteolitice Gram negative, creterea pHului i scderea potenialului redox. Proteazele interfer cu controlul gazdei asupra rspunsului inflamator, agravat i prin creterea continu a masei bacteriilor Gram negative.
domin bacterii Gram pozitive zaharolitice; Biofilm subgingival inflamaie domin bacteriile Gram negative proteolitice.
Foarte puternic
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Porphyromonas gingivalis
Puternic
Fusobacterium nucleatum Prevotella intermedia
Moderat
Streptococcus constellatus Parvimonas micra
Tannerella forsythia
Treponema denticola
Invazia
Producerea de exotoxine
Aggregatibacter actinomytemcomitans
produce o leucotoxin cu efect inhibitor asupra polimorfonulearelor neutrofile. Alte toxine produse de aceast bacterie sunt: toxina care induce resorbia osoas, epiteliotoxine.
Constituienii celulari
endotoxinele
bacteriilor Gram negative produc leucopenie, activeaz factorul XII i sistemul complement pe cale altern, conduc la apariia fenomenului Shwartzman, au efect citotoxic, induc resorbia osoas; metabolii cu rol n distrugerea tisular - acizi grai, acidul butiric, acidul propionic, amine, compui volatili cu sulf, indol, amoniac, glicani.
Producerea de enzime
fosfolipaze, fosfataza acid i alcalin (A. actinomycetemcomitans); proteaze (A. actinomycetemcomitans, Porphy-
romonas gingivalis);
chemotactice. Imunoglobulinele sunt inactivate i distruse de proteaze. Mediatorii inflamaiei i citokinele eliberate la nivel tisular accentueaz inflamaia parodoniului. Autoanticorpii autoreactivi pot contribui detaarea epiteliului gingival i deci, la progresia leziunilor parodontale.
PATOGENI PARODONTALI
Puternic asociai boli parodontale:
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans - BGN, imobil, capnofil, zaharolitic. - Caractere de cultur: colonii mici, convexe,
n form de stea pe agar-snge. - Factori de patogenitate:
- ataare la nivelul epiteliului oral, prin intermediul adezinei; - ulterior migreaz spre placa supragingival i se ataeaz prin fimbrii, care mediaz ataarea, mpreun cu un polimer extracelular; - ataarea la esuturi dure sau prin co-agregare, la alte bacterii; - poate urma migrarea spre placa subgingival, cu invazia esuturilor periodontale, mpreun cu alte bacterii.
Produce: colagenaze, proteaze, hialuronidaze, gelatinaze, aminopeptidaze, fosfolipaze, fosfataza acid i alcalin, proteaze.
Porphyromonas gingivalis
BGN, anaerob, imobil, azaharolitic Caractere de cultur: calonii maro-negre, pe
agar-snge. Habitat: n cantiti reduse n starea de sntate dar i n gingivite Crete numeric n BP (cantitativ mai important, direct proporional cu adncimea pungii) n situs-uri parodontale deteriorate, sau n forme progresive.
Porphyromonas gingivalis
ataarea la celule epiteliale orale i celule
endoteliale; invazie urmat de ataare, prin fimbrii; produce: colagenaze si proteaze.
Tannerella forsythia
BGN, anaerob, formeaz coloni hemolitice pe AS. Habitat: mai ales n placa subgingival, mpreun
cu Fusobacterium nucleatum. Crete numeric n profunzimea pungii parodontale, cu izolarea de la nivelul peretelui (ceea ce
demonstreaz vecintate). capacitatea invaziv a esuturilor
de
Treponema denticola
bacterie spiralat, helicoidal, cu micri de rsucire (ce permit mobilitatea i invazia i prin prezena flagelilor filamente axiale dispuse longitudinal, ntre peretele celular i membrana extern).
- Bacterii anaerobe, rezidente ale microbiotei indigene (subgingival anaerobioz). - Cresc numeric cel mai mult n BP (comparativ cu alte bacterii saprofite, implicate n BP).
Treponema denticola
Ataare la structuri ale matricei extracelulare
metabolizabile i proteine).
suprafa (PMS o adezin care formeaz pori la nivelul membranelor celulare) i dentisilina (proteaz seric) care mediaz i legarea la P.
gingivalis.
Treponema denticola
Consecine: distruge proteinele matricei extra
celulare (ME), dar i alte proteine, n cursul procesului inflamator. Hidrolizeaz angiotensina I, activeaz metaloproteazele ME, care moduleaz rspunsul chemokinelor i citokinelor, degradnd colagenul de la nivelul ME. Produce hialuronidaz i condroitinaz - cu rol n degradarea ME). Concluzie: proteina major de suprafa i dentisilina importante n ataare i invazie.
Metode moderne:
- Metodele de biologie moleculara implic detecia i analiza materialului genetic: hibridizare, PCR, RFLP, secveniere.
Cultivarea Tehnici PCR Teste imunoenzimatice ELISA, BANA Imunofluorescena Gaz lichid cromatografie Alte teste
Diagnostic microbiologic
1. Recoltare: Proba biofilm bacterian subgingival; Etape:
izolarea dintelui; ndeprtarea mecanic a plcii supragingivale; uscare; recoltarea probei cu ajutorul conurilor de hrtie de filtru;
2.Transport:
maxim 30 minute
Examenul microscopic
Frotiuri colorate Gram
rapid, ieftin i util pentru pacient; rol n stabilirea prognosticului; justific continuarea investigaiei microbiologice;
evidenierea spirochetelor
Immunosorbent Assay
ELISA
BANA
Test colorimetric Testul pozitiv indic prezena:
Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis i Bacteroides forsythus n prob. Detectarea unei activiti enzimatice: aceste bacterii produc hidroliza unui peptid sintetic, benzoil DL- arginin- naftilamnei (BANA) .
of periodontal disease. These organisms hydrolyze the synthetic peptide benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA), and such enzyme activity can be detected in the plaque and related to clinical disease and the presence of spirochetes.
compared with a commercially developed BANA assay which employed a paper format and which could be read after a 15-min incubation.
Imunofluorescena
Alte tehnici
FISH (Fluoresecence in situ hybridi Electroforez n gel de poliacrilamid
duodecil sulfat
Concluzii
Cultivarea i PCR cele mai folosite Nici o metod nu poate fi considerat per
se de referin Combinarea de teste cea mai buna metod
Antibiograma
Antibiograma ATB ANA (BioMerieux) nu mai este
acceptat
EX: ATB ANA susceptibility test. The ATB ANA strips (bioMrieux, Marcy
lEtoile, France) permit determination of the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to antibiotics in a semisolid medium under conditions similar to those used for the agar dilution method. A suspension of no. 3 McFarland standard was prepared by homogenizing without shaking C. difficile colonies in 0.85% saline buffer, and 200 l was transferred into an ampoule of ATB-S medium; 135 l was then distributed into each cupule of the strip containing dehydrated antimicrobial agents. The strips were incubated for 24 h at 37C in an anaerobic atmosphere. The turbidimetries of the cupules were observed by visual reading, and interpretation was performed according to the manufacturers recommendations. The breakpoints to be used for interpretation of the results were as follows: 1 to 4 g/ml for erythromycin, 2 g/ml for clindamycin, 8 g/ml for tetracycline, 4 to 16 g/ml for rifampin, and 16 g/ml for chloramphenicol.
Abstract: Abstract. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the
susceptibility of Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus micros to metronidazole in vitro. Two methods were applied on each isolated strain: agar dilution and epsilometer Etest. A total of fifty three wild test strains (13 P.intermedia, 14 P.gingivalis, 14 F.spp and 12 P.micros) were isolated from patients with periodontitis. The Etest appears to be a simple, rapid and reliable method for the metronidazole susceptibility testing. The results show that all P.intermedia, P.gingivalis and F.spp strains were susceptible to metronidazole. The mean values of minimal inhibitory concentration obtained with the agar dilution method were, respectively, 0.98 g/ml, 0.122 g/ml and 0.242 g/ml. For P. micros, the minimal inhibitory concentration was of 12.14 g/ml. Comparatively to break points, only 60% of P.micros strains seem to be susceptible, in vitro, to metronidazole. This study demonstrated the excellent activity of metronidazole against P.intermedia, P.gingivalis, F.spp except perhaps for P.micros. Keywords: metronidazole; minimal inhibitory concentration; anaerobic bacteria; periodontal disease; human study
Terapia cu antibiotice
Antibiotice beneficiu versus folosire n
exces, cu afectarea ecologiei orale. Scop: controlul biofilmului, nu eliminarea lui. Sensibilitatea la antibiotice a patogenilor parodontali variaz considerabil, terapia empiric este, deci, dificil.
Terapia cu antibiotice
Penicilina, amoxicilina:
bactericide; 50% dintre bacilii gram negativi anaerobi produc lactamaze. asocierea cu acid clavulanic.
Terapia cu antibiotice
Clindamicina:
aciune foarte bun pe anaerobi; toate tulpinile de Eikenella corrodens i rezistente;
Terapia cu antibiotice
Tetraciclina:
spectru larg; bacteriostatic; multe tulpini de anaerobi au dobndit rezisten;
Terapia cu antibiotice
Metronidazol:
antibioticul de elecie n infeciile produse de anaerobi; nu acioneaz pe facultativi anaerobi (E. corrodens, A. actinomycetemcomitans).
Tratament local
Produse
cu eliberare controlat de tetraciclin, metronidazol (geluri, polimeri, fibre). Antiseptice: hipocloritul de sodiu, clorhexidina, compui cationici biguanidici, hyaluronan, triclosan (n geluri, sprayuri, ape de gur, paste de dini, gume de mestecat)
tratamentul mecanic stomatologic. Combinarea tratamentului mecanic cu antibioterapia sistemic sau local d rezultate statistic mai bune dect fiecare din ele luate separat.
Concluzie Tratamentul i prevenia Controlul plcii dentare - Respectarea igienei orale - Folosirea apelor de gur cu clorhexidin - Detrartraj regulat ndeprtarea factorilor locali - Carii dentare - Infecii endodontice - Infecii ale maxilarelor Tratament - Chirurgical - Antibiotic - amoxicilin, metronidazol, tetraciclin - n cazul implicrii anaerobilor amoxicilina i/ sau metronidazol - parodontita juvenil mai sunt indicate tetraciclinele - local sub form de geluri (tetraciclina) sau folii resorbabile (metronidazol) Gingivita ulcero-necrotic acut penicilin+metronidazol Gingivitele simple antiseptice orale