By:- Dinesh Kr.

Sharma Lecturer ME- SKIT

Contents
Introduction Working of Otto cycle engine Conventional Otto cycle engine Miller cycle engine Introduction to Compression Ratio (CR) Variable Compression Ratio (VCR)engine Miller cycle engine wit VCR Computer simulation model Results Conclusions References

Working model of Otto Cycle engine

Model Of 4-cylinder Otto ycle En!ine

Otto Cycle

Miller Cycle Engine with S-VT (Sequential Valve Timing)

What is Compression Ratio (CR)

Is the ratio "y #hich the fuel$air mi%ture is com&ressed

"efore it is i!nited. Limited in con'entional en!ines due to auto-i!nition. Determines ho# efficiently the en!ine can utili(e the ener!y in the fuel. ) of traditional en!ine is fi%ed and is a com&romise across a #ide ran!e of o&eratin! conditions. ) for &assen!er cars ran!es "et#een *:+ and +,:+#hile ) for diesel en!ines can "e much hi!her.

Compression ratio (CR)

). S#e&t /olume 0 learance /olume

Clearance Volume

1here b.cylinder "ore 2diameter3 s . &iston stro4e len!th Vc . 'olume of the com"ustion cham"er

Disad'anta!es of 5i%ed )
!ecause CR cannot vary to fit a wide range of

operating conditions" #ower output is reduced

$uel efficiency is not optimi%ed #ollution from combustion is not minimi%ed&

Variable Compression Ratio (VCR)

W at is it' ( e combustion c amber volume) Vc) is altered to meet t e power needs to t e ve icle& *t low power levels) ig CR captures fuel efficiency benefits& *t ig power levels) low CR prevents knock& CR modified to meet power demand (CR+s range from ,"- to .-"-) Increased fuel efficiency
Claims of up to /01 reduction in fuel consumption

VCR - Saab Tilting Monohead esign

Miller Cycle !ngine "ith VCR

Modification in VCR engine by VV(& Miller Cycle wit variable compression ratio& It as better results t an Miller cycle and Conventional

Otto Cycle in performance& 2ess fuel consumption& Improved efficiency& 3ngine can installed in every sort of ve icle& 2ess maintenance&

Comp#ter Sim#lation Model

Computer model structure for entropy generatin calculation

2Bernardo )i"eiro- 8or!e Martins9- :nt;nio <unes- 6,,=3

!ngine characteristics and "orking condition

!ntropy $eneration in engine

Main causes of Entropy generation
$ree 34pansion Combustion 5eat transfer $riction $low t roug valves

!ntropy generation in %ree !&pansion

*c ieved by t e pressure difference across valves during

intake and e4 aust& 6uring t ese periods) pressure inside t e cylinder reduces suddenly and a great amount of mass e4c ange takes place& Calculation is made using following formula7

!ntropy generation d#e to Comb#stion

3ntropy generated during combustion corresponds to t e

entropy increase due to t e c emical reactions inside t e engine cylinder and eat transferred wit in t e mass of gas& *mount of entropy generation is calculated by7

!ntropy generation d#e to 'eat transfer

6uring working of engine) eat is e4c anged between t e

cylinder c arge and t e cylinder walls and t en between t e engine and t e surrounding environment& 5eat transfer is a significant process during t e combustion and e4pansion stroke& It is calculated using following formula7

!ntropy generation d#e to %riction

8eneration of entropy during working of engine occurs

due to internal friction also&

*mount of entropy generated due to $riction is7

!ntropy generation d#e to %lo" thro#gh (al(es

6uring mass e4c ange process )t e flow is ac ieved by

t e pressure difference across eac valve& ( is difference of pressure leads to an e4pansion resulting in entropy generation&
Calculation is made using following formula7

Entropy generated in engine

Entropy generated in each cycle

Concl#sions
3ntropy 8eneration Minimi%ation (38M) used by means of

computer simulation model to calculate and compare t ese t ermodynamic cycles under part load conditions& 901 part of overall entropy generated is due to combustion and free e4pansion processes Overall entropy generated is very less in case of Miller cycle engine wit VCR& Miller cycle engine wit VCR as more improved c aracteristics to minimi%e t e entropy generation& Miller cycles favors for less entropy generation during free e4pansion at e4 aust stroke due to reduced amount of gases e4panding at t e e4 aust blow:down&

 *bd *lla) 8& 5&) .00.) ;Computer simulation of a four stroke spark ignition engine<) 3n& Convers& Mng& =>

?/) pp& -0?/:-09-& !e@an) *&) -AA?) 3ntropy generation t roug eat and fluid flow) Bo n Wiley C Dons) =ewEork& !e@an) *&) -AA9) 3ntropy 8eneration Minimi%ation) CRC #ress) !oca Raton& !e@an) *&) -AA,) *dvanced 3ngineering ( ermodynamics) Decond 3dition) Bo n Wiley C Dons) =ew Eork& !e@an) *&) .00.) ;$undamentals of e4ergy analysis) entropy generation minimi%ation) and t e generation of flow arc itecture<) Int& B& 3nergy Res&) => .9) pp&F?F:F9F& !lair) 8& #&) -AAA ;6esign and Dimulation of $our:Dtroke 3ngines<) D*3& 6rangel) 5&) Reinmann) R&) Olofsson) 3&) .00.);( e Variable Compression (Dvc) and t e Combustion Control (Dcc) G (wo Ways to Improve $uel 3conomy and Dtill Comply Wit World:Wide 3mission ReHuirements<) D*3 .00.:0-:0AA9 $lierl) R&) Iluting) M&) .000) ;( e ( ird 8eneration of Valvetrains:=ew $ully Variable Valvetrains for ( rottle:$ree 2oad Control<) D*3 .000:0-:-..,& 5eywood) B& !&) -AJJ) Internal Combustion 3ngines $undamentals) Mc8raw:5ill& Martins) B&) et al&) .00?) K ( ermodynamic analysis of an Over:34panded 3ngine<) D*3 .00?:0-:09-, !ernardo Ribeiro) Borge MartinsL) *ntMnio =unes) .00,:;8eneration of 3ntropy in Dpark Ignition 3ngines< Int& B& of ( ermodynamics) Vol& -0 (=o& .)) pp& F/:90) Bune .00,