INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY

ISNA INDRAWATI DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY

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Medical Parasitology
science that deals with the study of the dependence of organism (parasite) on another (host) without making any useful return.

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Parasite
organism that lives on or within another organism for survival usually cannot exist as free living, except Strongyloides stercoralis dependent on the host for existence.

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 An endoparasite: a parasite that lives within another living organism; invade deep and internal organs of the body e.g. :

Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia lamblia

An ectoparasite: a parasite that lives on the external surface of another living organism, e.g. : lice (Pediculus), ticks

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 Obligate
organism which are completely dependent on the host for existence. e.g. : Nematodes

Facultative
when a parasite is capable of living even without a host can exist as free living or as parasite, e.g. Strongyloides

stercoralis
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Life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis

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 Permanent parasite that remains on or in the body of the host from early life until maturity or for its entire life , e.g. Ascaris , Pediculus

humanus capitis

Temporary visit their host only for a short period of time, e.g : bugs, ticks

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HOST
Definitive where the parasite lives & complete their life cycle /completion of sexual reproduction Intermediate completion of larval stage , asexual reproduction, and for transmission to the definitive host, e.g: Snail for Schistosoma
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 Reservoir host

other animal that harbors the same parasite & act as additional source of human infection, e.g : rat fro Schistosoma
Paratenic host

one which incidentally carries the infective stage of parasite in an arrested state ( no continuity of life cycle )
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Vectors:
Intermediate host playing an active role in the transmission of the parasite. Usually arthropodes that harbors infective stage of parasite

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 Class Rhizopoda Class Mastigophora

Protozoa Helminthes

Class Sporozoa
Class Ciliophora Class Nematoda Class Cestoda

Class Trematoda

Arthropodes
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Class Class Class Class Class

Insecta Arachnida Crustacea Chilopoda Diplopoda

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INFECTION
Autoinfection infection acquired by an individual resulting from their own direct source of exposure. Reinfection when a person is infected with a parasite after months of cure gets reinfected with the same specie of parasite. Superinfection when a host is harboring more than one parasite at a time.
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Source of exposure to parasitic infection

1. Contaminated water and soil 2. Food containing immature infective

stage of parasite
3. Blood sucking insects as vectors.

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Source of exposure (contd)

5. Domestic Animals harboring the parasite, e.g : dog flea contained infective stage of D. caninum 6. Another person, his clothing or bedding 7. Ones self

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Portal of Entry:
1.Mouth/oral : most common
2. Skin : penetration of infective stage larva

3.Airborne : parasite inhaled nose nasopharynx intestine, e.g : E. vermicularis

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4. Transplacental : parasite from mother transmitted to the fetus in utero, e.g. : T. gondii 5. Sexual : acquired through sexual contact e.g : T. vaginalis

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Nomenclature of animal parasite

binomial scientific names are assigned to each parasite which are Latin A. Genus name : begin with capital letter B. Species : small letter e.g: Ascaris lumbricoides

A. lumbricoides

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Diagnosis of parasitic infection:

Clinical diagnosis easy when the doctor familiar with the symptom/ in endemic area/ specific manifestation of infection. problem if disease is uncommon in the community or with migrants in the community.

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 Laboratory purpose is to make specific diagnosis collect proper specimen like stool, urine, blood, sputum, aspirate from body orifices, tissue scrapings know how & when specimen is to be obtained

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 Other laboratory method used:

1) X ray/ USG

2) Serology 3) Biopsy

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