FUNCTION (part 2)

LECTURE 7
 Objectives
2

 Create a function that does not return a value

 Invoke a function that does not return a value
 Pass information, by reference, to a function
 Use void functions in a .NET C++ program
 Concept Lesson
3

 More About Functions

 Creating Void Functions
 Passing Variables to a Function
 Passing Variables By Value and By Reference
 More About Functions
4

 Use functions to avoid duplicating code

 They also allow large and complex programs to be
broken into small and manageable tasks
 main() is typically responsible for invoking each
of the other functions when needed
 Program-defined functions streamline main()
 Functions can be:
 Value-returning
 Void
 Creating Void Functions
5

 Void functions do not return a value after

completing their assigned tasks
 E.g., to display information (such as a title and column
headings) at the top of each page in a report
 Avoids repeating code several times in program
 Creating Void Functions (cont)
6
 Example - Void Functions With No
7
Parameters
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void display( ); //prototype declaration

int main ( )
{
int num1=5,num2;
display( ); //function call
num2=num1*num1;
cout<<num1<<“ * ”<<num1<<“ = “<<num2;
return 0;
Result :
}
void display( ); // function definition *****Welcome******
{ 5 * 5 = 25
cout<<“*****Welcome******\n” ;
}
 Example - Void Functions With
8
Parameters
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void display(int, int, int); //prototype declarations
int main ( )
{
int number1,number2,number3;
cout << “Enter two integers:”;
cin >> number1>> number2;
number3 = number1*number2;
display(number1,number2,number3); //function call
return 0;
}
void display(int num1,int num2,int num3); // function definition Result :
{ Enter two integers:
cout<<num1 <<“ * “<< num2<<“ = “<<num3;
5 10
}
5 * 10 = 50
 Passing Variables to a Function
9

 A variable has both a value and a unique address

(memory location)
 You can pass either the variable’s value or its
address to the receiving function
 Pass by value
 Pass by reference
 Passing Variables By Value
10

 In a pass by value, the computer passes the contents

of the variable to the receiving function
 Receiving function is not given access to the variable
in memory
 It cannot change value stored inside variable
 By default, variables are passed by value in C++
 Passing Variables By Value (cont)
11
 Passing Variables By Value (cont)
12
 Passing Variables By Value (cont)
13
 Passing Variables By Reference
14

 Passing a variable’s address is referred to as

passing by reference
 Receiving function has access to passed variable
 Use when you want receiving function to change
contents of variable
 To pass a variable by reference in C++
 Include an & before the name of the corresponding
formal parameter in receiving function’s header
 Called the address-of operator
 Passing Variables By Reference (cont)
15
 Passing Variables By Reference (cont)
16
 Passing Variables By Reference (cont)
17
 pass by value vs. pass by reference
18

 Pass by value
 a copy of data is created and placed in a local variable in the
called function
 ensure that regardless of how the data is manipulated and
changed in the called function, the original data in the calling
function are safe and unchanged
 Pass by reference
 sends the address of a variable to the called function
 use the address operator (&) in the parameter of the called
function
 anytime we refer to the parameter, therefore we actually referring
to the original variable
 if the data is manipulated and changed in the called function, the
original data in the calling function are changed
 Passing Variables By Value and
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By Reference
 You can mix the way variables are passed when a
function is called, passing some by reference and
others by value
 Program in Figure 10-15 allows user to enter an
employee’s current salary and raise rate
 It then calculates and displays the employee’s raise and
new salary amounts
 Passing Variables By Value and
By Reference (cont)
20
 Passing Variables By Value and
By Reference (cont)
21
 Recursive Function
22

A function that calls itself, either directly or indirectly

(through another function).

The format of recursive function consists of two parts

that are simple problem and complex problem.

For simple problem, it returns a value directly.

However, for complex problem the function will divide

the problem into two parts, which are (i) the part that
can be done directly and (ii) the part that call itself
recursively or repeatedly.
 Recursive Function
23

Recursive function calling is done before the initial

calling ends.
The base format of recursive function
 type function_name(parameter list)
{
if(simple problem case)
solve it
else
redefine the problem by calling the
function recursively;

}
 Recursive Function

24

For example the calculation of factorial or ‘n!’ in

mathematics. Refer to the example below.
unsigned long factorial(unsigned long number)
{
if (number <= 1)
return 1; //simple problem case
else
return number * factorial(number–1);
//complex problem case
}
 Recursive Function
25

The diagram below shows the calculation flow of calling

and returning values in factorial() for problem of 5!
Final value=120
5! 5!
5!=5*24=120 is returned
5 * 4! 5 * 4!
4!=4*6=24 is returned
4 * 3! 4 * 3!
3!=3*2=6 is returned
3 * 2! 3 * 2!
2!=2*1=2 is returned
2 * 1! 2 * 1!
1 is returned
1 1

a) Procession of recursive b) Values returned from each recursive call

call
 Programming Example
26

#include <iostream> Output :

#include <iomanip>
using namespace std; 0! = 1
1! = 1
unsigned long factorial(unsigned long);
2! = 2
int main( ) 3! = 6
{
for (int i=0; i<= 10; i++) 4! = 24
cout << setw(2)<<i<<“!=“<< factorial(i)<<endl; 5! = 120

return 0; 6! = 720
} 7! = 5040
//Recursive definition of function factorial
unsigned long factorial( unsigned long number) 8! = 40320
{ 9! = 362880
if(number <=1)
return 1; 10! = 3628800
else Calculating factorials with a
return number *factorial(number – 1); recursive function
}
 Summary
27

 Functions can be:

 Value-returning
 Void
 Function header begins with void
 Pass by value: value stored inside variable is passed
to receiving function
 Pass by reference: variable’s address in memory is
passed to receiving function
 Receiving function can change variable’s contents
 Use & before corresponding formal parameter