Chapter 8 Section Views

Contents
Introduction

Basic components
Kind of sections Dimensioning

Introduction

Necessity of a section view

Given

Orthographic projection principle

Section technique
Yes Internal features make a view difficult to read or dimension? No

Orthographic projection principle

Finish

Purposes
Clarify an internal feature.

Facilitate dimensioning.

Example
Regular view

Section view

Basic components

Cutting plane
Cutting plane is an imaginary plane that cuts through the

object.
A section view is obtained by viewing the object after removed the cover up part in the direction normal to the cutting plane. Location and direction of a cutting plane depend on a hidden feature that is needed to be revealed. Example
Cutting plane

Section view
Basic Components

Cutting plane line

In an orthographic view, a cutting plane is presented as a cutting plane line, CPL and is drawn in either of an adjacent view of the section view.
Given
Direction 1 Direction 2 Direction 3

CPL Section view

CPL

Section view

Section view

Cutting plane line : Line styles

The cutting plane line is presented by a chain line. (This course)
Begin and end the line with a short visible line. Draw an arrow at about the mid-length of a short visible line, the arrow head is pointed toward to this line in a viewing direction.

When the line changes its direction, draw a short visible line at
that corner. Examples
1
Viewing direction

2
Basic Components

Class activity
Do you find something wrong in the following cutting plane lines?
1

Yes
No

Right! Wrong!
(The arrow on the right side should be pointed downward)

Yes No

Right! Wrong!
(The arrow head have to touch the short visible line)

Yes No

Right!
Wrong!
(Because the cutting plane line used in this course is a chain line )

Class activity
Change the following incorrect cutting plane line style to that previously suggested.
1 2

Section lining : Purpose

Section lines or cross-hatch lines are added to a section view to indicate surface that are cut by a cutting plane.
Examples

Section view without section lines

Section view with section lines

Visible surfaces and edges behind the cutting plane are drawn in a section view.

Section lining : Symbol

The section lines are different for each type of material.

Practically, the cast iron symbol is used most often for

any materials.
Examples

Cast iron, Malleable iron

Steel

Concrete

Sand

Wood

Section lining : Recommended practice 1

The spacing between lines may vary from 1.5 mm for small sectioned areas to 3 mm for large sectioned areas.
Examples

Poor practices

Too dense

Too coarse

Uneven spacing

Uneven orientation

Section lining : Recommended practice 2

It should not run parallel or perpendicular to contour of the view.
Examples Poor practices

Section lining : Special case

When the sectioned area is large, an outline sectioning may be used to save time.
Example

Basic Components

Class activity
Freehand sketch a section lines.

Class activity
Which one is a good practice in section lining?
1
2

Kinds of section

Kind of sections
1. Full section 2. Offset section 3. Half section 4. Broken-out section 5. Revolved section (aligned section) 6. Removed section (detailed section)

A skill requirement
1. Ability in orthographic visualization
2. Understanding in a conventional practice for each kind of sections.
(You will learn about them from now on.)

Conventional practice : Treatment of a hidden line

Hidden lines are usually omitted within the section lined area.
Example

Hidden lines present.

Hidden lines are omitted.

Full section : Concept & example

A section view is made by passing the straight cutting
plane completely through the part.
Example

A closer look

Kinds of sections

Offset section : Concept & example

A section view is made by passing the bended cutting plane completely through the part.
Example

Edge views of the cutting plane are omitted Kinds of sections

Half section : Concept & example

A section view is made by passing the cutting plane halfway through an object and remove a quarter of it.
Example

Kinds of sections

Half section : Conventional practice

A center line is used for separating the sectioned half from the unsectioned half of the view. Hidden line is omitted in unsectioned half of the view.

Kinds of sections

Broken-out section : Concept & example

A section view is made by passing the cutting plane normal to the viewing direction and removing the portion of an object in front of it.
Example

Conventional practices
The sectioned and unsectioned portions are separated by a break line. Break line is freehand drawn as a thin continuous line (4H). Cutting plane line is not necessary. Kinds of sections

Revolved section : Concept & example

A section view is made by revolving the cross-section view 90o about a cutting plane line and drawn on the orthographic view.
Example
a

Revolved section :
Placement of a cross-section view
1. Superimposed to orthographic view. 2. Break from orthographic view.

Break

Superimposed

Revolved section : Additional example

Kinds of sections

Removed section : Concept

6. Removed section
Removed section is created with the same concept

as a revolved section. But, the cross-section view

is shown outside the view.

Example : Revolved vs. removed sections. : Comparison with a revolved section Revolved section Removed section

Removed section

Example : Situation that removed section is preferred. : Advantage

Removed section technique can improve a reading of

Removed section

the orthographic view.

Example

Revolved section

Removed section

Removed section :
Alternative placement of a view A single or multiple removed (cross) section view(s) can be arranged without aligning with the cutting plane line, but it have to be labeled name of the cutting plane line.
Example

B
Section AA Section BB

Kinds of sections

Summary
Drafter has several choices of section techniques to reveal an internal feature of an object. Object having a symmetry, an appropriate choice is such as full section or half section. Object having several features that do not locate in-line among each other, an offset section may be a good choice. Broken-out section is usually used when a drafter need to reveal a local detail of each feature. Revolved and removed section views are efficient when a drafter need to reveal only a cross section shape of an object.

Kinds of sections

Comparison of a different section techniques

Dimensioning

Dimension techniques
Dimensioning of the section views follows the typical rules of dimensioning.
For a half-section view, use dimension line with only one arrowhead
that points to the position inside the sectioned portion.

10

f 50

f 50

Dimension techniques
Avoid placing dimensions or notes within the section lined area.
If the situation is unavoidable, omit the section lines in the area of the note.