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Discard Routes
Avoiding Routing Loops with Discard Routes
- CCNP Semester 5 Advanced Routing
Rick Graziani, Jan. 20, 2002
1
Cisco IP Routing
by Alex Zinin
Addison-Wesley Pub Co
ISBN: 0201604736
Rick Graziani
graziani@cabrillo.cc.ca.us
www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/~rgraziani
3
Topics
Situation: Normal
Link Down
Solution #1 – no ip classless
Solution #2 – discard route
What about packets destined for
192.168.1.0/24?
Final Notes
4
ISP Network
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
5
ISP Network
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
Situation: Normal
As long as all the networks are up, everything should work fine.
Actually, we will see later that even when all of our links are up, there
could be a problem.
7
ISP Network
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
X
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
Link down
What would happen if our link between RTB and RTC failed?
Obviously, the Remote Office networks would be cut-off from the Central
Office.
After the routing tables are updated, where would RTA or RTB send
packets with the destination IP address 172.16.4.10?
8
ISP Network
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
X
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
X
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB
X RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB
X RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB
X RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
13
ISP Network
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB
X RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
14
ISP Network
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
X
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
15
ISP Network
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
X
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
X
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
X
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
18
ISP Network
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
So, to protect our network from blackholing traffic for routes that are in our
network but no longer reachable (172.16.4.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24
examples), or for routes (subnets) that our ISP is routing back to us
(172.16.5.0/24 example), discard routes can be used.
This also is independent of the ip classless or no ip classless
configuration.
RTA discard routes:
ISP
ISP has static routes for
172.16.0.0/16 and RTA has a static default
192.168.1.0/24 to RTA route 0.0.0.0/0 to ISP
RTA
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
RTB RTC
Customer Network
172.16.0.0/16 and 192.168.1.0/24
Final Notes
Discard routes can be especially useful for networks that use static routes
instead of dynamic routing, in order to prevent routing loops.
“Configuring discard routes is the only way to prevent routing loops when
several major networks are summarized into a supernet.” Alex Zinin,
Cisco IP Routing
For examples of these and other scenarios, read Cisco IP Routing, by
Alex Zinin.
For more information on the affect of the “ip classless” and “no ip
classless” commands, read my presentation on “The Routing Table 20
-Structure, Lookups, and the ip classless command.”
Cisco IP Routing
by Alex Zinin
Addison-Wesley Pub Co
ISBN: 0201604736
Rick Graziani
graziani@cabrillo.cc.ca.us
www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/~rgraziani
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