Professional Documents
Culture Documents
&
Identification of Dyes
by
K.Prasenjit
Jr. Quality Assurance Officer
Cellulosic
Cotton Linen Jute Hemp Ramie Viscose rayon Cupra - rayon
Protein
Wool Silk
Synthetic
Polyester Polyamides Polyacrylonitrile Polyurethane Polyolefin Cellulose Acetate Aramid
Colours are sensory perceptions Produced to the eyes when light was reflected from an object . There are three primary colours viz.RED,BLUE,GREEN Different shades can be prepared by additive or subtractive mixing of these primary colours . When all the three primary colours mixed together white colour is obtained . Colourants of the textiles materials may be classified as either as dyes or pigment.
The term dye and pigment , almost interchangeable in common use have different meaning in colouraion of textiles .
DYES
A dye is substance which at least during stage of its application has inherent affinity for the textile material. Dyes are soluble in the dyeing medium during or at least in some stage of the dyeing process. Dyes can diffuse into fibres and interacts with the polymer structure of the fibre. All textile dyes are organic chemical sythesised from coal tar chemicals.
PIGMENTS A pigment is a substance used to impart colour and which does not have inherent affinity for the textile material.
Pigments simply bonded to the surface of the fibre , fabric or yarn by other chemical agents. Pigments can be either organic or inorganic substance.
Synthetic Dyes
Natural Dyes
Pigments
O.B.A.
Dye Classes by method of application Eight major dye classes are commonly used in textiles according to method of application . The five classes used mainly on cellulose fibre are Direct dyes, Sulphur dyes, Azoic dyes, Reactive dyes and Vat dyes . The three classes of dyes used mainly for protein fibres and synthetic fibres are Acid dyes, Basic dyes and Disperse dyes . All of them are sythesised from coal tar.
Direct dyes: Are named so because they have natural affinity for the cellulose and can be applied directly without auxiliary chemicals. In practice ,the dyeing rate and colour yield can be greatly improved by adding inorganic salts such as sodium chloride or sodium sulphate to the dye bath. The greatest advantage of direct dyes is simplicity of its application .
The greatest limitation of direct dyes is that their poor wash fastness.
Wash fastness of direct dyes can be improved by resin treatment of dyed or various after treatments.
Sulphur dyes Are complex organic compounds sythesised by heating simple amines or phenolic compounds in the presence of sulphur.
Sulphur dyes exist as a pigment form , which does not have affinity for cellulose . They are converted to a water soluble form having affinity for cellulose by treatment with a reducing agent under alkaline conditions. After application to the fibre sulphur dyes must be oxidized back to their pigment form .
The greatest advantage of sulphur dyes is relatively low cost. The biggest limitation of sulphur dyes is that they are not bright enough in colour for many use.
Azoic dyes
Are pigments that are sythesised inside the fibre by coupling of two component neither of which is dye itself(insitu dyeing).
The two components are an aromatic diazonium salt and an aromatic hydroxy compounds often a naphthol. Because of the use naphthol as a component in the reaction , this class is some time called as naphthol dyes. Although the coloured material produced in azoic dyeing is pigment , the azoic are classified as dye because the naphthol component has affinity for the cellulose and is applied like a dye before the azo component is added. The greatest advantages of azoic dyes is that they provide an economical way to obtain certain shade , especially red . The greatest limitation of azoic dyes is that they sometimes posses fastness to crocking and containing banned amines .
Reactive dyes
Are relatively new class of dye , which have been developed in the 1950s As the name implies the reactive dyes chemically reacts with the fibre forming covalent bonds between the dye and fibre since the covalent bonds between the dye and fibre are strong , reactive dyes have excellent wash fastness property.
Vat dyes
Are like sulphur dyes in that they are pigments which must be
Acid dyes Are so called because they contain acidic group in their structure .
The acidic groups reacts with basic groups in protein and polyamide fibres forming organic salts .
Individual acid dyes vary greatly in properties and compatibility.
Basic dyes Are sometimes called cationic dyes because the chromophore in basic dye molecule contain positive charge.
These basic or cationic group react with acidic groups in acrylic ,cationic dyeable polyester, cationic dyeable nylon or occasionally protein fibres . The salt linkage formed are similar to those formed between acid dyes and fibre containing basic groups.
A limitations of basic dyes is that their fastness to light is sometimes not satisfactory especially on protein fibres.
Disperse dyes
Are used mostly for polyester , nylon and cellulose acetate although they will dye some other fibres also . The name disperse dye comes from the fact these dyes are almost insoluble in water and have to be dispersed in water to make the dye bath. Disperse dyes were developed when cellulose acetate was first marketed. Disperse dyes are the only acceptable dye class for acetate and unmodified polymer.
Group II
1.
Acid dye may be present (If direct dye and basic dyes are absent)
2.
3.
Specimen +1 % HCL
Dye Strips
Group III
Specimen +Na2 S2O4+ 44% Na OH
Group IV Present
Place the test specimen +White cotton on filter paper and reoxidize dye
Vat dye may be present Formosul G : 20 gm SODIUM SULPHOXYLATE FORMALDEHYDE + 75 ML HOT WATER + DIL WITH COLD WATER +50 GM MONO OR DIETHYLENE GLYCOL
Group IV 1.Direct dye after treated with chromium salt Specimen ash in porcelain dish + flux Fused
Group IV 2.Direct dye after treated with copper salt Ash + Conc. HNO3
Blue colour
Blue Precipitate
Group IV 4.Test for azoic dyes / diazotised dyes and developed dyes Specimen + 2.3ml Pyridine Repeat
Dye on the mercerized cotton not strip by 1% NH4OH Direct dye is confirmed
2.
2.Basic Dye :
Specimen + 5%NaOH
5%NaCl
Extract Dye
Coloured ppt.
Black ppt.
3.Sulphur dyes:
4.Vat dyes
Specimen +Ethylene diamine + glucose
Specimen Decolourises
5.Azoic dyes:
Specimen +Ethylenediamine
Extract dye
Extract +H2O
Decolourisation
Liquid becomes turbid & the flakes of coloured pigment settled down on standing
IDENTIFICATION OF CLASS OFDYES ON PROTEIN FIBRES: (Source :IS: 4472 (PART :II): 1967 GROUP :I
Specimen +
1. 50%DMF 2. Conc .DMF 3. Glacial AcOH+ETOH No Stripping / Partial Stipping Reactive and Ingrain Dyes (except azoic ) may be present
GROUP:II
Coloured Solution
GROUP:III
Acid dye may be present (If direct dye and basic dyes are absent)
GROUP:IV
Fused
1.
COOL +HCL
ETHER IS COLOURED
Group:V
Specimen + 10% Na OH to dissolve
cool
Cotton is dyed
Vat dye is present