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Wireless Networks
Lecture 8
Evolution of Wireless Networks

Dr. Ghalib A. Shah

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Review of previous lecture #7
1G wireless cellular networks
NMT
AMPS
TACS
2G cellular systems
GSM
IS-136
PDC
IS-95
Summary of todays lecture


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Last Lecture Review
CSMA
Versions of CSMA
CSMA/CA
Example
Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hoping
Direct Sequence
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Evolution of Wireless Systems
The worldwide success of cellular telephone
has lead to the development of newer wireless
systems and standards for other types of
communications besides mobile voice.
For example
Cellular networks to facilitate high speed data traffic
Replace fiber optics and copper lines between fixed
points several kms apart.
Replacement of wires within homes, offices etc
(evolution of Bluetooth)

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First-Generation Cellular Networks
Analog systems
Standards
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone)
used in Nordic countries, Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern
Europe and Russia.
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
used in the United States,
TACS (Total Access Communications System)
Used in the United Kingdom,
C-450
in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa,
Radiocom 2000 in France
RTMI in Italy.
In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-
801, TZ-802, and TZ-803
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Evolution Tree of Wireless Systems

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NMT
First fully-automatic cellular phone system
Started in 1970, in service 1981
Two standards NMT-450 and NMT-900
Corresponds to frequency and the later has higher
bands.
Cell size range from 2 km to 30 km.
Use smaller size in urban areas for better quality
and larger in less-populated areas.
Handsets 1 watt and Car phone uses 6-15 watt
Automatic switching (dialing) and handover.
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NMT Contd.
No spec. for voice traffic encryption
Buy a scanner, tune to the desired channel and intercept.
NMT also supported a simple data transfer mode
called DMS (Data and Messaging Service) or NMT-
Text
Using DMS, also text messaging was possible between
two NMT handsets before SMS service started in GSM
but this feature was never commercially available
except in Russian and Polish NMT networks.
NMT Suspended
In Finland TeliaSonera's NMT on December 31, 2002.
Norway's last NMT network on December 31, 2004.
Sweden's TeliaSonera NMT on December 31, 2007.
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AMPS
1G cellular phone used in US, which uses FDMA
Operates in 800 MHz band
Total of 832 channels;
416 in 824849 MHz for transmissions from mobile to the base
416 in 869894 MHz for transmissions from base to the mobile.
Each channel is 30 KHz wide
Require large bandwidth for large base population.
No protection against eavesdropper
ESN (Electronic Serial Number) was cloned in 1990s to make
free calls from different cells.
Replaced with D-AMPS, GSM and CDMA for better
security and capacity

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TACS
A variant of AMPS developed by Motorola.
It has been used in some European countries
(including the UK & Ireland), as well as Japan
and Hong Kong.
ETACS was an extended version of TACS with
more channels.
The last ETACS service operated by Vodafone
was discontinued on 31 May 2001
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Second-Generation Cellular Networks
Digital system i.e. voice is digitized
Unlike 1G that relies on FDMA/FDD, 2G use digital
modulation formats and TDMA/FDD, CDMA/FDD
multiple access techniques
Can be divided into two standards; TDMA and CDMA
The main 2G standards are
GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used
worldwide
IS-136 aka D-AMPS, TDMA-based, used in the Americas
IS-95 aka cdmaOne, CDMA-based, used in the Americas and
parts of Asia
PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
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2G Contd.
Using digital signals between the handsets and
the towers increases system capacity in two
key ways:
Digital voice data can be compressed and
multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice
encodings through the use of various CODECs,
allowing more calls to be packed into the same
amount of radio bandwidth.
The digital systems were designed to emit less radio
power from the handsets. This meant that cells
could be smaller, so more cells could be placed in
the same amount of space. This was also made
possible by cell towers and related equipment
getting less expensive.
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2G Advantages
The lower powered radio signals require less
battery power, so phones last much longer
between charges, and batteries can be smaller.
The digital voice encoding allowed digital error
checking which could increase sound quality by
reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor.
Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of
digital data services, such as SMS and email.
Better security, harder to be scanned
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GSM
2.27 billion subscribers across more than 212
countries, 81% of the global mobile market
Its ubiquity provides international roaming very
common
8-slots TDMA with 200 KHz radio channel, with frame
duration of 4.615 ms
The channel data rate is 270.833 kbit/s
Operates in four different bands
Mostly 900 MHz or 1800 MHz
US and Canada use 850 MHz and 1900 MHz
25 MHz bandwidth of each subdivided into 124 channels
E.g. in 900 MHz, uplink 890-915 MHz, downlink 935-960 MHz


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Others Systems
IS-136 or D-AMPS
3-Slot TDMA, used in North and South America, Australia
Channel bandwidth is 30 KHz.
Frequency bands (824-849MHz and 869-894 MHz)
Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
Japanese standard similar to IS-136
25 KHz channel
11.2 kbps at 3-slot and 5.6 kbps at 6-slot
Operates in 800 MHz downlink 810-888 MHz, uplink 893-958
MHz)
In 1.5 GHz (downlink 1477-1501 MHz, uplink 1429-1453 MHz)
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Other Systems Contd..
IS-95 or cdmaOne
Supports up to 64 users that are orthogonally coded
Channel bandwidth is 1.25 MHz
Widely deployed in N. America, Korea, Japan,
China, S. America, Australia
Channel data rate is 1.2288 Mchips/s (Mega Chips)
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Subscriber base as a function of Cellular technology
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500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Analog GSM WCDMA CDMA CDMA
1X
CDMA
1X EV-
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TDMA PDC iDEN
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Summary of todays lecture
1G analog systems
NMT
AMPS
TACS
C-450
2G digital cellular systems
GSM
IS-136
IS-95
Next Lecture
3G and 4G