EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

is the study of the

physical and
chemical events
that provide for the
conversion of
chemical energy to
mechanical work.
Muscular Contraction
major physiologic event that occurs
during exercise which requires
energy (ATP).
Two Types of Muscular Contraction
Isometric Contraction
is a static contraction in which the muscle does
not shorten.
Isotonic contraction
is a contraction in which the force of contraction
remains constant throughout the shortening.
a) Concentric contraction
occurs when shortening a muscle while
exerting a force.
b) Eccentric contraction
occurs when lengthening a muscle while
resisting an external load.
Muscles in Exercise
STRENGTH
determined mainly by size.
maximal contractile force (3 to 4 kg/cm
2

of muscle cross-sectional area).
200 cm
2
- 600 800 kilograms
(contractile strength)
200 cm
2
- 840 1120 kilograms
(holding strength)
POWER
is a measure of the total amount of work that the
muscle performs in a unit period of time.
determined by
a) strength of contraction
b) distance of contraction
c) number of times it contracts each minute

First 8 to 10 seconds 7000 kg.m/min
Next 1 minute 4000 kg.m/min
Next 30 minutes 700 kg.m/min
ENDURANCE
final measure of muscle performance.
depends on the nutritive support for the muscle
(glycogen).
High-carbohydrate diet 240 minutes
Mixed diet 120 minutes
High-fat diet 85 minutes

Amount of glycogen stored in a muscle
High-carbohydrate diet 40 g/kg muscle
Mixed diet 20 g/kg muscle
High-fat diet 6 g/kg muscle
Male versus Female athlete
almost identical basic physiologic principles are
applied for both.
there are quantitative differences caused by:
a) body size
b) body composition (muscle mass)
- pulmonary ventilation
- cardiac output
- muscle strength
c) amount of testosterone
d) amount of estrogen

muscle strength per cm
2
= 3 to 4 kg/cm
2

(same)
TESTOSTERONE ESTROGEN
ANABOLIC EFFECT ANABOLIC EFFECT
PROTEIN DEPOSITION FAT DEPOSITION
MUSCLE MASS BODY FAT CONTENT
MUSCLE STRENGTH
AGGRESIVENESS
MUSCLE STRENGTH
MILD TEMPERAMENT
Demands Cellular and organ-system
adjustments
Metabolic Metabolic
Thermal Respiratory
Fluid Cardiovascular
Endocrine
Metabolic Changes
Phosphagen System

Glycogen-Lactic Acid System

Oxidative System
Phosphagen System (8-10 sec)
Stored ATP (3 sec)
ATP = adenosine ~ PO
4
-
~ PO
4
-
~ PO
4
-




ATP ADP + Pi ADP AMP + Pi
7300 calories
7300 calories
Phosphocreatinine or
Creatinephosphate (5-7 sec)

Creatine ~ PO
4
-



PCr + ADP ATP + Cr
10,300 calories
Glycogen-Lactic Acid System
(1.3 to 1.6 minutes)
GLYCOGEN GLUCOSE
ATP + PYRUVIC ACID
ATP + LACTIC ACID
KREB CYCLE
ATP
O
2

FATIGUE
Aerobic System (Unlimited--nutrient)
CARBOHYDRATES
(glucose)
PROTEINS
(amino acid)
FATS
(fatty acid)
OXYGEN
ATP + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Maximal rates of power generation
(moles of ATP/min)
Phosphagen system 4 moles of ATP/min

Glycogen-Lactic acid system 2.5 moles of ATP/min

Aerobic system 1 mole of ATP/min
Comparison for endurance
Phosphagen system 8 10 seconds

Glycogen-Lactic Acid System 1.3 1.6 minutes

Aerobic System Unlimited
(as long as nutrient lasts)
Energy Systems Used in
Various Sports
Phosphagen System (almost
entirely)

100-meter dash
Jumping
Weight lifting
Diving
Football dashes
Phosphagen and Glycogen-Lactic Acid
System

200-meter dash
Basket ball
Baseball home run
Ice hockey dashes
Glycogen-Lactic Acid System (mainly)

400-meter dash
100-meter swim
Tennis
Soccer

Glycogen-Lactic Acid System and
Aerobic System

800-meter dash 2000-meter rowing
200-meter swim 1500-meterrun
1500-meter skating 1-mile run
Boxing 400-meter swim
Aerobic System

10,000-meter skating
Cross-country skiing
Marathon run (26.2 miles, 42.2 km)
Jogging

Recovery of Muscle Metabolic
System After Exercise
Phosphocreatinine
Stored ATP
Glycogen-Lactic Acid System
Phosphocreatine
Stored ATP
Aerobic System
Glycogen-lactic acid system
Phosphocreatine
Stored ATP
Removal of lactic acid
converted to pyruvic acid
reconverted to glucose in the liver
0

25

50

75

100

100

75

50

25

0
0 10 20 40 2 4 1 2 3 4
High carbohydrate diet
Mixed diet
High-fat diet
seconds minutes hours
Duration of exercise
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

f
a
t

u
s
a
g
e

P
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n
t

c
a
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b
o
h
y
d
r
a
t
e

u
s
a
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e

STORED OXYGEN (2 L)
0.5 L - air in the lungs
0.25 L - dissolved in the body fluids
1 L - combined with hemoglobin
0.3 L - combined with myoglobin

Oxygen Debt (11.5 L)
a) 2 liters (stored O
2
)
b) 9 liters (metabolic recovery)
Two Types of Muscle Fiber
Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber

Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber
Slow Twitch Fast Twitch
Synonyms Type I / Oxidative Type II / Glycolytic
Red Muscle White Muscle
Velocity of Shortening Slow / low Fast / high
Diameter Small Large
Source of energy Oxidative system Phosphagen/Glycolytic System
Myoglobin
Abundant Few
Mitochondria Abundant Few
Capillary density greater
Few
Resistance to fatigue
Resistant Prone
Function
Provide endurance
delivers power surge for few
seconds to a minute
Hereditary differences among athletes for fast-twitch
versus slow-twitch muscle fibers


Slow Twitch Fast Twitch

Marathoners 82 18

Swimmers 74 26

Average male 45 55

Weight Lifters 45 55

Sprinters 37 63

Jumpers 37 63
0 2 4 6 8 10
30

25

20

15

10

5

0
Resistive training
No load training
Weeks of training
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e

i
n

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

Respiratory Changes
Increased O
2
consumption
Normal O
2
consumption (at rest) = 250 ml/min
During exercise

Untrained average male 3600 ml/min
Trained average male (athlete) 4000 ml/min
Male marathon runner 5100 ml/min
0 1 2 3 4 5
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
O
2
Consumption (L/min)
T
o
t
a
l

V
e
n
t
i
l
a
t
i
o
n


(
L
/
m
i
n
)

Moderate
exercise
Severe
exercise
Increased Pulmonary Ventilation
At maximal exercise 100 110 L/min
Maximal breathing capacity 150 170 L/min

Provides an element of
safety for athletes
Exercise at high altitude
Exercise under very hot environment
Abnormalities in the respiratory system
Increased in VO
2
Max
rate of O
2
usage under maximal aerobic
metabolism.
Increased Oxygen Diffusing Capacity
rate at whichO
2
can diffuse from the
pulmonary alveoli to the blood
(ml/min/mmHg).
Cardiovascular Changes
Increased muscular
blood flow
resting blood flow
3.6 ml/100g/min (2-4)
during maximal exercise
90.0 ml/100g/min
initially neurally mediated
response


Causes of increased blood flow
Vasodilation (decreases vascular resistance)
impulses in the sympathetic vasodilator
system.
decrease in tonic vasoconstrictive
discharge
local mechanism
decrease PO
2
(hypoxia)
increase PCO
2
(hypercapnea)
accumulation of K
+


> 10% of maximal tension
- compresses blood vessels
- decreases blood flow
> 70% of maximal tension
- blood flow completely stopped
Blood flow occurs in between contractions
CO X TPR
SV X HR
F = P / R
EDV - ESV
Increased in stroke volume
decreased in ESV
increased sympathetic discharge
increased cardiac contractility
cardiac muscular hypertrophy
Increased heart rate
Increased sympathetic discharge
Increased catecholamines
Increased body heat
Decreased total peripheral resistance
Vasodilatation (muscles)
Increased in heart rate
Increased in stroke volume
Increased in cardiac output
Decreased total peripheral resistance
Increased arterial blood pressure
Increased in blood flow
CO X TPR
SV X HR
F = P / R
EDV - ESV
Endocrine Changes
Increased secretion of;
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Catecholamines
Thermal Changes
Increased body heat

BLOOD FLOW TO THE SKIN FROM THE DEEP TISSUES PROVIDES HEAT TRANSFER
Rate of blood flow
(0 30% of CO