Main Source: Black, Cyril.

Comparative
Modernization
General Theory of Modernization
By: MSBontuyan
There is greater control which modern person has over his natural
and social environment based on the expansion of scientific and
technological knowledge.
TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN
SOCIETY
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
According to Marion Levy:
Members of a modernized society use inanimate sources of power and / or use tools
to multiply the effects of their efforts
According to Cyril Black
Results from adaptation of historically evolved institutions to the rapidly changing
functions that reflect the unprecedented increase in mans knowledge, permitting
control over his environment, and scientific revolution.
According to Dankwart Rustow
Rapidly widening control over nature through closer cooperation among men
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
Traditional Modern
Passive and acquiescent
expects continuity in nature and society
doesnt believe in the capacity of
humans to change or control
Believes in the desirability and possibility
of change
Has confidence in the ability to control
change and accomplish his/her purposes
TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN
PERSON
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
Characterized by tremendous accumulation of knowledge about humans
environment and the diffusion of this knowledge through society by means of
literacy, mass communications and education.

THE MODERN SOCIETY
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
Involves much better health, longer life expectancy and higher rates of
occupational and geographical mobility. Predominantly urban rather than
rural.
THE MODERN SOCIETY
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
SOCIALLY:
The family and other primary groups having diffuse roles are
supplemented in modern society by consciously organized secondary
associations having more specific functions.

ECONOMICALLY:
There is a diversification of activity as a few simple occupations give way
to many more complex ones.
The level of occupational skill and the ratio of capital to labor are much
higher than traditional society.
THE MODERN SOCIETY
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
Commercial and industrial rather than subsistence agriculture
Economic activity has a greater scope
There is centralization of such activity at the national level with the
emergence of the national market, national sources of capital and other
national economic institutions.
THE MODERN SOCIETY
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
According to Robert Ward and Rustow:
1. Highly differentiated and functionally specific system of governmental
organization.
2. A high degree of integration within the governmental structure
3. Prevalence of rational and secular procedures for the making of political
decisions
4. Large volume, wide range, and high efficacy of its political and administrative
decisions
5. A widespread and effective sense of popular identification with the history,
territory and national identity of the state
6. Widespread popular interest and involvement in the political system
7. Allocation of political roles by achievement rather than ascription
8. Judicial and regulatory techniques based upon a predominantly impersonal
system of law.
MODERN POLITY
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
Generally:
A modern polity is characterized by rationalized authority, differentiated
structure, mass participation and a consequent capability to accomplish a
broad range of goals
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
1. As a revolutionary process
2. As a complex process
3. As a systemic process
4. As a global process
5. As a lengthy process
6. As a phased process
7. As a homogenizing process
8. As a irreversible process
9. As a progressive process

CHARACTERISTICS OF
MODERNIZATION AS A PROCESS
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
Source: Wucherpfennig, Julian. Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence
Revisited. Center for Comparative and International Studies. < http://democracy.livingreviews.org>

MODERNIZATION AND
DEMOCRACY BY SEYMOUR
MARTINI LIPSET
for any democratic regime to survive, it must provide sufficient legitimacy as
perceived by its citizens which is typically achieved by continuous economic
development (effectiveness).

emphasized the strengthened role of the middle class in a modernized
society by pointing towards the social mechanisms. Here equality is central,
both in socio-political terms and in economic terms.

modernization according to Lipset manifests itself largely through changing
social conditions that foster a democratic culture.

Source: Wucherpfennig, Julian. Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited. Center for
Comparative and International Studies. < http://democracy.livingreviews.org>

Stronger in human capital, especially education, and exposed to wider and
more diverse audiences (e.g., within voluntary associations), workers in
developed countries are more receptive towards democratic values of
tolerance and less so towards regime-hostile ideologies.
This is especially true when workers are granted economic and political
rights.
Indeed, modernization increases the receptiveness to the type of norms and
values that mitigate conflict, penalize extremist groups, and reward moderate
democratic parties.
Source: Wucherpfennig, Julian. Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited. Center for
Comparative and International Studies. < http://democracy.livingreviews.org>

In this context, it is
particularly
redistribution and
citizenship that
prevent workers
from revolutionary
struggle and the
resulting economic
equality that allows
for effective
democracy.
Modernization Theory according to Lipset
Source: Wucherpfennig, Julian. Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited. Center for
Comparative and International Studies. < http://democracy.livingreviews.org>



A society divided between a large impoverished mass and a small favored elite
would result either in oligarchy () or in tyranny - Lipset
Source: Wucherpfennig, Julian. Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited. Center for
Comparative and International Studies. < http://democracy.livingreviews.org>

Modernization, therefore, is a series of transitions from primitive,
subsistence economies to technology intensive,
industrialized economies; from subject to
participant political cultures; from closed, ascriptive
status systems to open, achievement oriented systems;
from religious to secular ideologies and so on.
Source: Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change:
Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 - 37
Main Source: Black, Cyril. Comparative Modernization.
- Huntington, Samuel. Change to Change: Modernization,
Development, and Politics. pp 25 37
Wucherpfennig, Julian. Modernization and Democracy: Theories and
Evidence Revisited. Center for Comparative and International Studies. <
http://democracy.livingreviews.org>

SOURCES: