KELOMPOK 4:

NUR ISTIQLALIAL FIRDAUSI

FIRDAUSI NUZULIYA
WIWIT RAHAYU
SRI WAHYUNING UMAR L.

Organisme multiseluler tergantung pada pembelahan sel untuk:
1. Perkembangan (dari sel yang terfertilisasi)
2. Pertumbuhan
3. Perbaikan
20 m 200 m
(b) Growth and development.
This micrograph shows a
sand dollar embryo shortly
after the fertilized egg divided,
forming two cells (LM).
(c) Tissue renewal. These dividing
bone marrow cells (arrow) will
give rise to new blood cells (LM).
Figure 12.2 B, C
Semua organisme kompleks berasal dari
sebuah telur yang telah dibuahi
Melalui pembelahan sel, jumlah sel
meningkat
Sel kemudian terspesialisasi dan berubah
menjadi fungsinya masing-masing
Tipe pembelahan sel
1. Mitosis:
Growth, development & repair
Asexual reproduction (yields identical cells)
Occurs in somatic (body) cells

2. Meiosis:
Sexual reproduction (yields different cells)
Occurs in specific reproductive cells
Phases of Mitosis

1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Pembelahan sel menghasilkan sel anak yang secara genetik
identik
Sel harus menduplikasikan material genetiknya
Before they divide, ensuring that each daughter cell receives
an exact copy of the genetic material, DNA
Distribution of Chromosomes During Cell
Division
Pada persiapan cell division, DNA bereplikasi dan kromosom memadat
Tiap chromosome yang terduplikasi memiliki dua sister chromatids, yang berpisah
selama cell division

Sentromer merupakan daerah ceking dari chromosome yang terduplikasi, diaman dua
chromatids terikat dengan dekat
Figure 12.1
prophase
1X
metahase
Anaphase
Telophase

Cytokinesis
Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
Sel menduplikasikan material genetik sebelum membelah, utk
memastikan bahwa tiap sel anak menerima copy DNA dengan
tepat
A cells endowment of DNA (its genetic information) is called its
genome
Molekul DNA dalam sel dikemas menjadi kromosom
Setiap spesies eukariot memiliki sejumlah tertentu kromosom pada nukleus
Sel somatik (nonreproductive) memiliki 2 set kromosom
Gamet (reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) memiliki jumlah kromosom setengah
jumlah kromosom sel somatik
Kromosom eukaryotik terdiri dari kromatin, sebuah komplex DNA dan protein yang
memampat selama pembelahan sel
0.5 m
Chromosome
duplication
(including DNA
synthesis)
Centromere
Separation
of sister
chromatids
Sister
chromatids
Centromeres
Sister chromatids
A eukaryotic cell has multiple
chromosomes, one of which is
represented here. Before
duplication, each chromosome
has a single DNA molecule.
Once duplicated, a chromosome
consists of two sister chromatids
connected at the centromere. Each
chromatid contains a copy of the
DNA molecule.
Mechanical processes separate
the sister chromatids into two
chromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells.
Figure 12.4
The Cell Cycle
Interphase occurs just before
Mitosis begins:
DNA is replicated
along with
organelles and other
cellular components
and the cell prepares
for division.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Interphase
Interphase (cell growth and copying of
chromosomes in preparation for cell
division)

Interphase (terdiri dari sekitar 90% dari
siklus sel) yang dapat dibagi dalam sub
fase:

G
1
phase (first gap)
S phase (synthesis)
G
2
phase (second gap)

Mitosis Interphase
Animal cell Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
1
st
step in Mitosis:
Prophase (preparation phase)
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
The DNA recoils, and
the chromosomes
condense; the nuclear
membrane
disappears, and the
mitotic spindles begin
to form.
Prometaphase
Profase akhir atau prometafase,
dimulai dengan penghancuran
membran inti menjadi vesikel-
vesikel membran kecil (seperti
RE)
Selama periode ini kromosom
terus berkondensasi serta
berangsur-angsur memendek
dan menebal hingga siap untuk
bermitosis
Mikrotubul kinetochore terlihat
dan menempel pada mikrotubul
polar, kromosom mulai
bergerak.

Mitosis Prophase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Animal cell Plant cell
2
nd
step in Mitosis:
metaphase (organizational phase)
The chromosomes
line up the middle of
the cell with the help of
spindle fibers attached
to the centromere of
each replicated
chromosome.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Mitosis Metaphase
Animal cell

Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
3
rd
step in Mitosis:
Anaphase (separation phase)
The chromosomes
split in the middle and
the sister chromatids
are pulled by the
spindle fibers to
opposite poles of the
cell.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Mitosis Anaphase
Animal cell

Plant cell


Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
4
th
step in Mitosis:
Telophase
The chromosomes, along with
the cytoplasm and its organelles
and membranes are divided into
2 portions. This diagram shows
the end of telophase.
Mitosis Telophase
Animal cell


Plant cell


Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
After Mitosis:
Cytokinesis
The actual splitting of
the daughter cells into
two separate cells is
called cytokinesis and
occurs differently in
both plant and animal
Cells.

Division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis is the splitting of the
nucleus.
Cytokinesis is the splitting of cytoplasm
It usually begins during ANAPHASE
Pada sel hewan
Cytokinesis terjadi oleh proses yang disebut cleavage, membentuk sebuah a
cleavage furrow
Contractile ring of
microfilaments
Daughter cells
100 m
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)
Cleavage furrow
Pada sel tumbuhan, selama cytokinesis
Terbentuk plat sel (cell plate)
Daughter cells
1 m
Vesicles
forming
cell plate
Wall of
patent cell
Cell plate
New cell wall
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM) Figure 12.9 B
Purpose of Interphase to duplicate cell
contents; 90% of the cells growth cycle

Purpose of Mitosis to divide the genetic
material into exact two halves

Purpose of Cytokinesis to divide all other
contents (except nucleus) into two cells
Meiosis
2 tahap: Meiosis I dan Meiosis II
Meiosis I: profase I, metafase I, anafase I, telofase I
Meiosis II: profase II, metafase II, anafase II, telofase II
Tahapan pembelahan meiosis 1 sebagai berikut:
a. Profase 1
Fase ini melalui beberapa tahap
1. Leptoten: benang-benang kromatin memendek
dan menebal serta mudah menyerap zat warna
(pembentukan kromosom)
2. Zigoten: sentrosom membelah menjadi 2. tiap-
tiap belahan bergerak kearah kutub yang
berlawanan, sementara kromosom yang
homolog saling berpasangan (sinapsis)


3. Pakiten: tiap kromosom membelah menjadi 2 kromatid
(duplikasi), sehingga pada kelompok sinapsis terdapat
kromatida yang berasal dari 1 kromosom sentromernya masih
tetap menyatu.
4. Diploten: 2 kromosom homolog yang saling berpasangan
memisahkan diri
5. Diakinesis: 2 sentriol hasil pembelahan sentrosom telah
sampai pada kutub yang berlawanan.
Meiosis Interphase
Meiosis is preceded by
interphase. The
chromosomes have not
yet condensed.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Interphase
The chromosomes have
replicated, and the
chromatin begins to
condense.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Prophase I
The chromosomes are
completely condensed.
In meiosis (unlike
mitosis), the
homologous
chromosomes pair with
one another
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Metaphase I
The nuclear membrane dissolves
and the homologous chromosomes
attach to the spindle fibers. They are
preparing to go to opposite poles.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Anaphase I
The chromosomes move to
opposite ends of the cell.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Telophase I & Cytokinesis
The cell begins to divide into
two daughter cells. It is important to
understand that each daughter cell can
get any combination of maternal and
paternal chromosomes.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Prophase II
The cell has divided into two
daughter cells.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Metaphase II
As in Meiosis I, the
chromosomes line up on the spindle
fibers.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Anaphase II
The two cells each begin to
divide. As in Meiosis I, the
chromosomes move to opposite ends
of each cell.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Telophase II & Cytokinesis
With the formation of four
cells, meiosis is over. Each of these
prospective germ cells carries half the
number of chromosomes of somatic
cells.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Tujuan: memperbanyak sel pada proses
pertumbuhan, mengganti sel rusak dan
reproduksi pada organisme bersel satu
Tujuan: mengurangi jumlah kromosom,
agar generasi berikutnya mempunyai
sel dengan jumlah kromosom tetap.
Tidak terjadi pertukaran genetik antara
kromosom-kromosom yang homolog
terjadi pertukaran genetik (pindah
silang) antara kromosom-kromosom
yang homolog
Terjadi pada sel tubuh, yaitu pada
proses pertumbuhan
Terjadi pada proses gametogenesis
(pembentukan sel gamet)
Sel yang melakukan pembelahan:
a. Sel haploid ( nn)
b. Sel diplodi (2n 2n)
Sel yang melakukan pembelahan:
Sel diploid 4 sel haploid
2n 2n n, n, n, n
Kandungan genetik sel-sel anakan
identik dengan sel induk
Kandungan genetik sel-sel anakan
berbeda satu sama lain dan berbeda
dengan sel induk