ESEARCH

PROBLEM

1. Experiences and observation
2. Vast amount of literature
3. Courses that you take
4. Journals, books, magazines,
or abstracts
5. Theses and dissertation
6. Your professors and
classmates
HARACTERISTICS
NTEREST

SEFUL

OVEL

IME

THICAL
TITLE

Brief
20 words
Function words not
included
TITLE
Variables
Relationship among
variables

Target population
Variables
Variables
Properties being
investigated such as
height, social class, sex,
vocabulary level,
spelling/test scores,
intelligence quotient
TYPES AND CATEGORIES
OF VARIABLES
VARIABLES
1.
Dependent
and
Independent
2. Discrete
and
Continuous
3. Active
and
Attributive
4.
Intervening
and
Extraneous
1. Dependent
and
Independent
2. Discrete and
Continuous
3. Active and
Attributive
4. Intervening
and Extraneous
INDEPENDENT
The cause or
stimulus that
brings change in
a situation or a
phenomenon
EXAMPLE
Effects of educational
qualification
Age
Learning modes
Teaching styles
DEPENDENT
Response or
outcome of the
change
brought about
by the
independent
variable
EXAMPLE
Change in behavior
Performance
Study habits
DISCRETE
One that can take
only a finite or
potentially countable
set of values
Example
Members of the family
Number of students
CONTINUOUS
Take only
infinite set of
values
Height
Weight
Age
Distance

ACTIVE
Can be directly
manipulated by the
researchers
Method of teaching
Method of grouping
ATTRIBUTIVE
Can not be
manipulated by
the researchers
Sex
Race
Age
Social class
INTERVENING
Variables that interfere with
the independent and
dependent variables but its
effect can either strengthen or
weaken the two variables
EXAMPLE
X independent variable
( Teaching Style)
Y- dependent variable
( Pupils performance)
Z- intervening variable
( age, gender,attitudes)
EXTRENEOUS
Variables that are
uncontrolled, outside of the
study which might lead to
contamination of the result
EXAMPLE
Personality of the teacher
Intelligence of the students
Time of the classes are
taught
Textbook used
EXERCISE
STUDY GROUPS AND ITS
EFFECTS TO THE
STUDENTS TEST
SCORES
The Effect of a Training
Program on the Visual
Sequential Memory of Deaf
Children
Age, Sex, I.Q, and Entrance
Examination Scores in
Certain Piagetian Tasks of
Manila Science High School
Students
Work Values and the
Change Facilitation of
Principals of Selected
Elementary School: Its
Effect to Teachers Morale