Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering

A PROJECT REPORT PRESENTED BY

SUSHMITHA K.S
MD NAJAF SAROSH
PATTAN VASEEM ALI KHAN
SHAIK SHAKEEL
Under the guidance of
DR. G. F. ALI AHAMMED
PROF & H.O.D
E&C, G.C.E




THE SOLAR OPTION
PROBLEM WITH SOLAR
OBJECTIVE
BLOCK DIAGRAM
SOLAR PANEL
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
L293 MOTER DRIVER CIRCUIT
ADC
LDR
LCD
BUCK BOOSTER
RESULT
Solar energy has two factors in the favor.

THE SOLAR OPTION
Solar energy is a very large, inexhaustible source of energy.
Firstly, unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power, it is
environmentally clean source of energy.
Secondly, it is free and available in adequate quantities in
almost all parts of the world. Also it has no heavy mechanical
section and is free from noise.
Problem with Solar
Problem associated with the use of solar energy is that its
availability varies widely with time. The variation in availability
occurs daily because of the day night cycle and also seasonally
because of the earths orbit around the sun.
To rectify the above problems the solar panel should be such that it
always receives maximum intensity of light. For existing solar panels,
which are without any control systems typical level of efficiency varies
from 10% to 4% - a level that should improve measurably if the present
interest continues.

OBJECTIVE :
The solar panel tracks the sun from east to west automatically for
maximum intensity of light.
To fabricate a DC motor control interfaced with driver circuit.
To construct a model prototype solar cell movement system with a
mechanical assemble to move the panel from 180 E to W.
To design an electronic circuit to sense the intensity of light and to
control DC motor driver for the panel movement.
COMPONENTS USED


8051 Microcontroller P89V51RD2
Stepper Motor
Solar Panel
Battery
Relay
Booster
SOLAR
PANEL
Booster
STEPPER
MOTOR
DRIVER ULN
STEPPER
MOTOR
LCD
ADC
Battery

MICRO CONTROLLER
P89V51RD2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
LDR
An 8051 microcontroller would be the brains of the
operation, sensing which position of the panel yielded
maximum power, and sending signals to the stepper motor
to move the solar panel accordingly
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
SOLAR PANEL
The solar panel is a photovoltaic system
to generate and supply electricity in
commercial and residential applications.
A solar cell is a solid state electrical
device that converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
A voltage divider (also known
as a potential divider) is a
simple linear circuit that
produces an output voltage
(Vout) that is a fraction of its
input voltage (Vin).
A voltage divider consists of two
resistors in series or a
potentiometer.
L293 MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT
When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled and
their outputs are off and in the high impedance state.



The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents
of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V.
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
A light-dependent resistor, alternatively
called an LDR, photoresistor,
photoconductor, or photocell, is a
variable resistor whose value decreases
with increasing incident light intensity.
An LDR is made of a high-resistance
semiconductor, often cadmium-sulfide.
A photoelectric device can be either
intrinsic or extrinsic.
LCD
A liquid crystal display is a thin,
flat electronic visual display that
uses the light modulating
properties of liquid crystals (LCs).
LCs does not emit light directly.
BUCK BOOSTER
The buckboost converter is a type of
DC-to-DC converter that has an output
voltage magnitude that is either greater
than or less than the input voltage
magnitude.
Two different topologies are called buckboost converter.
Both of them can produce a range of output voltages, from an
output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the
input voltage, down to almost zero.
WORKING MODEL
ADVANTAGES

Efficient use of natural resources.
Other resources of energy can conserved.
Pollution can be minimized.


DISADVANTAGES

It is much efficient only when sunlight is there.
It produces less voltage.
CONCLUSION AND RESULT
The proposed sun tracking solar array system is a
feasible method of maximizing the energy received
from solar radiation.
It has been shown that the sun tracking systems can
collect about 8% more energy than what a fixed panel
system collects and thus high efficiency is achieved
through this tracker.