Chapter 1

Introduction
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Outline
Brief History of Java
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming
Brief History of java
In 1990, Sun Microsystems began an internal project known as
the Green Project to work on a new technology.
In 1992, the Green Project was spun off and its interest directed
toward building highly interactive devices for the cable TV
industry. This failed to materialize.
In 1994, the focus of the original team was re-targeted, this time
to the use of Internet technology. A small web browser called
HotJava was written. Oak was renamed to Java after learning
that Oak had already been trademarked.
In 1995, Java was first publicly released.
In 1996, Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.0 was released.
In 2002, JDK 1.4 (codename Merlin) was released, the most
widely used version.
In 2004, JDK 5.0 (codename Tiger) was released, the latest
version.
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James Gosling
James Gosling is generally
credited as the inventor of the Java
programming language
He was the first designer of Java
and implemented its original
compiler and virtual machine
He is also known as the Father of
Java
He is currently the Chief Technical
Officer of Sun Microsystems
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Java
A programming language specifies the words and
symbols that we can use to write a program
A programming language employs a set of rules
that dictate how the words and symbols can be put
together to form valid program statements
The Java programming language was created by
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has
grown quickly since
Java Platform Editions
A Java Platform is the set of APIs, class libraries, and other programs
used in developing Java programs for specific applications

There are 3 Java Platform Editions

1. Java SE (Standard Edition)- formerly J2SE
Core Java Platform targeting applications running on workstations

2. Java EE (Enterprise Edition) formerly J2EE
Component-based approach to developing distributed, multi-tier
enterprise applications

3. Java ME (Mobile Edition), formerly J2ME
Targeted at small, stand-alone or connectable consumer and
embedded devices
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Java Development Kit (JDK)
Java Development Kit (JDK)
Is a set of Java tools for developing Java programs
Consists of Java API, Java Compiler, and JVM
Java Application Programming Interface (API)
Is prewritten code, organized into packages of similar topics

Java Virtual Machine
Java API
MyProgram.java
Hardware - Based Platform
JDK
JRE
Java Virtual
Machine (JVM)
Is an
execution engine that
runs compiled Java
byte code

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Java Program Structure
In the Java programming language:
A program is made up of one or more classes
A class contains one or more methods
A method contains program statements
A Java application always contains a method
called main
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Java Program Structure
public class MyProgram
{









}
// comments about the class
class header
class body
Comments can be placed almost anywhere
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Java Program Structure
public class MyProgram
{









}
// comments about the class
public static void main (String[] args)
{


}
// comments about the method
method header
method body
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Type all carefully and save it to a
file named Welcome.java
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Java program source files (.java)
contain definition of classes
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Curly braces pair enclose a block
of code, class Welcome here
Dont miss me!
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14
The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Curly braces pair enclose a block
of code, method main() here
Dont miss me!
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

This is a block of comments, for
human, not for computer
It explains to you what happens
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

This is a method of the class
Welcome, named main()
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

There MUST be a pair of
parentheses following ALL
method names
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

A method may take some input
from the caller, formally known as
arguments or parameters
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

A method may give some output to the
caller too, known as return value
void means no return value
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20
The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

The static keyword before a
method definition indicates this is
a class method
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

This method is a public one, others
can call me.
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Standard properties of the main() method
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The First Java Program
class Welcome {

/* The Welcome Program
-------------------
Illustrates a simple program displaying
a message.
*/

public static void main (String [ ] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

A statement (instruction) to display
a message
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The First Java Program
Change to the directory containing the file
Welcome.java
Type
javac Welcome.java
It generates a new file Welcome.class
Type (without .class)
java Welcome
Whats the result?
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Comments
Comments in a program are called inline
documentation
They should be included to explain the purpose
of the program and describe processing steps
They do not affect how a program works
Java comments can take three forms:
// this comment runs to the end of the line
/* this comment runs to the terminating
symbol, even across line breaks */
/** this is a javadoc comment */
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Identifiers
Identifiers are the words a programmer uses in a
program
An identifier can be made up of letters, digits, the
underscore character ( _ ), and the dollar sign
Identifiers cannot begin with a digit
Java is case sensitive - Total, total, and
TOTAL are different identifiers
By convention, programmers use different case
styles for different types of identifiers, such as
title case for class names - Lincoln
upper case for constants - MAXIMUM
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Identifiers
Sometimes we choose identifiers ourselves when
writing a program (such as Lincoln)
Sometimes we are using another programmer's
code, so we use the identifiers that he or she
chose (such as println)
Often we use special identifiers called reserved
words that already have a predefined meaning in
the language
A reserved word cannot be used in any other way
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Reserved Words
The Java reserved words:
abstract
assert
boolean
break
byte
case
catch
char
class
const
continue
default
do
double
else
enum
extends
false
final
finally
float
for
goto
if
implements
import
instanceof
int
interface
long
native
new
null
package
private
protected
public
return
short
static
strictfp
super
switch
synchronized
this
throw
throws
transient
true
try
void
volatile
while
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White Space
Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are called white
space
White space is used to separate words and
symbols in a program
Extra white space is ignored
A valid Java program can be formatted many ways
Programs should be formatted to enhance
readability, using consistent indentation

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Outline
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming
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Program Development
The mechanics of developing a program include
several activities
writing the program in a specific programming language
(such as Java)
translating the program into a form that the computer can
execute
investigating and fixing various types of errors that can
occur
Software tools can be used to help with all parts of
this process
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Language Levels
There are four programming language levels:
machine language
assembly language
high-level language
fourth-generation language
Each type of CPU has its own specific machine
language
The other levels were created to make it easier for
a human being to read and write programs
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Programming Languages
Each type of CPU executes only a particular
machine language
A program must be translated into machine
language before it can be executed
A compiler is a software tool which translates
source code into a specific target language
Often, that target language is the machine
language for a particular CPU type
The Java approach is somewhat different
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Java Translation
The Java compiler translates Java source code
into a special representation called bytecode
Java bytecode is not the machine language for any
traditional CPU
Another software tool, called an interpreter,
translates bytecode into machine language and
executes it
Therefore the Java compiler is not tied to any
particular machine
Java is considered to be architecture-neutral
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Java Translation
Java source
code
Machine
code
Java
bytecode
Bytecode
interpreter
Bytecode
compiler
Java
compiler
COREJAVA
Java source
.java
javac
Java bytecode
.class
JVM
Programming API
Platform interface
of Web Browse
JVM
Programming API
Platform interface
of Windows
JVM
Programming API
Platform interface
of Unix
java
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Development Environments
There are many programs that support the
development of Java software, including:
Sun Java Development Kit (JDK)
Sun NetBeans
IBM Eclipse
Borland JBuilder
MetroWerks CodeWarrior
BlueJ
jGRASP
Though the details of these environments differ,
the basic compilation and execution process is
essentially the same
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Syntax and Semantics
The syntax rules of a language define how we can
put together symbols, reserved words, and
identifiers to make a valid program
The semantics of a program statement define what
that statement means (its purpose or role in a
program)
A program that is syntactically correct is not
necessarily logically (semantically) correct
A program will always do what we tell it to do, not
what we meant to tell it to do
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Errors
A program can have three types of errors
The compiler will find syntax errors and other
basic problems (compile-time errors)
If compile-time errors exist, an executable version of the
program is not created
A problem can occur during program execution,
such as trying to divide by zero, which causes a
program to terminate abnormally (run-time errors)
A program may run, but produce incorrect results,
perhaps using an incorrect formula (logical errors)
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Basic Program Development
errors
errors
Edit and
save program
Compile program
Execute program and
evaluate results
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Outline
Brief History of Java
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming
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Problem Solving
The purpose of writing a program is to solve a
problem
Solving a problem consists of multiple activities:
Understand the problem
Design a solution
Consider alternatives and refine the solution
Implement the solution
Test the solution
These activities are not purely linear they
overlap and interact
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Problem Solving
The key to designing a solution is breaking it down
into manageable pieces
When writing software, we design separate pieces
that are responsible for certain parts of the
solution
An object-oriented approach lends itself to this
kind of solution decomposition
We will dissect our solutions into pieces called
objects and classes
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Object-Oriented Programming
Java is an object-oriented programming language
As the term implies, an object is a fundamental
entity in a Java program
Objects can be used effectively to represent real-
world entities
For instance, an object might represent a
particular employee in a company
Each employee object handles the processing and
data management related to that employee
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Objects
An object has:
state - descriptive characteristics (attributes)
behaviors - what it can do (or what can be done to it)
The state of a bank account includes its account
number and its current balance
The behaviors associated with a bank account
include the ability to make deposits and
withdrawals
Note that the behavior of an object might change
its state
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Classes
An object is defined by a class
A class is the blueprint of an object
The class uses methods to define the behaviors of
the object
The class that contains the main method of a Java
program represents the entire program
A class represents a concept, and an object
represents the embodiment of that concept
Multiple objects can be created from the same
class
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Objects and Classes
Bank
Account
A class
(the concept)
Johns Bank Account
Balance: $5,257
An object
(the realization)
Bills Bank Account
Balance: $1,245,069
Marys Bank Account
Balance: $16,833
Multiple objects
from the same class
Lesson: Working with Classes
How to Create a New Class
How to Add Instance Data Members
How to Add Methods
How to Create an Instance of a Class
How to Use Constructors
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How to Create a New Class
Create a new class by using the Add Class
command on the Project menu
Example of new class named BankAccount:
public class BankAccount {

}
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How to Add Instance Data Members


Adding a data member named balance
public class BankAccount {

private double balance;

}
Keyword Definition
Public
Accessible everywhere
Private
Accessible only within the type itself
Protected
Accessible only by classes which inherit
from the class
How to Add Methods


Adding a method named Deposit


public class BankAccount {

private Double balance;

public double Deposit (double amount) {
balance += amount;
}

}
Overloaded methods: two or more methods with
the same name but different signatures
Example: MessageBox.Show
How to Create an Instance of a
Class
Using the New keyword to create an instance of
the BankAccount class:

public class Bank {

public static void main (string args[]) {
BankAccount account = new BankAccount( )
account.Deposit(500.00)
}

}
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Practice: Creating a Class
In this practice, you will create a
BankAccount class with methods
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How to Use Constructors
Executes code when object is instantiated
public class New {
public int New (int i) {
value = i
}
}
Can overload, but does not use Overloads keyword
public class New {
public int New () {
value = 1 }
}
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What Is Inheritance?


Inheritance specifies an is-a-kind-of relationship
Multiple classes share the same attributes and
operations, allowing efficient code reuse
Examples:
A customer is a kind of person
An employee is a kind of person
Customer Employee
Person
Base Class
Derived Classes
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Inheritance
One class can be used to derive another via
inheritance
Classes can be organized into hierarchies
Bank
Account
Account
Charge
Account
Savings
Account
Checking
Account
How to Inherit from a Class
A derived class inherits from a base class
Properties, methods, data members, events, and
event handlers can be inherited (dependent on
scope)
Keywords
Inherits inherits from a base class
NotInheritable cannot be inherited from
MustInherit instances of the class cannot be created;
must be inherited from as a base class
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What Is Polymorphism?
The method name resides in the base class
The method implementations reside in the derived
classes
BaseTax
CalculateTax( )
CountyTax
CalculateTax( )
CityTax
CalculateTax( )
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Comparing Classes to Structures
Classes Structures
Can define data members,
properties, and methods
Can define data members,
properties, and methods
Support constructors and
member initialization
No default constructor or
member initialization
Support Finalize method
Do not support Finalize method
Extensible by inheritance
Do not support inheritance
Reference type
Value type
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Key Points
A Java source file can include package, import
and class declarations in that order
The main() method is the start of execution of a
Java application
Each Java statement is terminated by a
semicolon ;
Identifiers are case-sensitive
Java keywords cannot be used as identifiers
Each variable must be declared with a data type
There are 8 primitive data types: boolean, char,
byte, short, int, long, float and double
There are 3 reference data types: class, array and
interface
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Key Points
if() and switch() are used for branching
statements

while(), do-while() and for() are used for
iterating statements

break, continue and label are used to branch
inside loops


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Summary
Chapter 1 focused on:

programming and programming languages
an introduction to Java
an overview of object-oriented concepts