Kristal-Mineral

GS1126 - 2 SKS teori

by:
Dr. hil. gendoet hartono
Semester 1, 2010-2011
Rabu, jam 09.40 10.30
jam 10.30 11.20
Kerak
0 to 40 km
0C
Selimut Atas
40 to 670 km
1,000C
Selimut Bawah
670 to 2,890 km
2,000C
Inti Luar
2,890 to 5,150 km
3,700C
Inti Dalam
5,150 to 6,370 km
4,300C
Struktur dalam Bumi
.
Mineral membentuk batuan.
Gabungan senyawa dan
unsur membentuk
mineral.
Gabungan unsur
membentuk senyawa.
Batuan membentuk Bumi.
Hirarki Unsur Geologi

Atom membentuk unsur.




Dari kata Krustallos (bhs Yunani),
diperoleh dari kruos & stellein
yang artinya beku krn mendingin,
sering disebut sebagai hablur / balur.
Bahan padat yg secara kimia homogen dgn bentuk
geometri tetap, sbg gambaran dr susunan atom yg
teratur, dibatasi oleh bidang banyak (polyhedron),
jumlah & kedudukan dr bidang-bidang kristalnya
tertentu & teratur.
Setiap mineral / zat mempunyai bentuk tertentu.
S I S T E M K R I S T A L
Pembagian utama dlm klasifikasi
kristal-kristal menurut bentuknya :

Kubik, Tetragonal, Hexagonal,
Trigonal, Ortorombik, Monoklinik
& Triklinik

.
Crystal System (Shape)
Different minerals have different crystal shapes
Dasar penggolongan :
Jumlah sumbu kristal
Letak sumbu kristal yg satu dgn yg lain
atau sudut yg dibentuk sumbu
Parameter yg digunakan utk masing-
masing sumbu
Sumbu Kristal : garis bayangan, lurus,
yg menembus kristal (bidang-bidang
muka kristal) dan melalui pusat kristal
Mineral Identification Basics
ISOMETRIC CRYSTALS
ISOMETRIC
In this crystal system there are 3
axes. Each has the same length (as
indicated by the same letter a).
They all meet at mutual 90
o
angles in
the center of the crystal.
Crystals in this system are typically
blocky or ball-like.
ISOMETRIC
Basic Cube
a3
a2
a1
Mineral Identification Basics
ISOMETRIC CRYSTALS
ISOMETRIC Crystal Model
Within this ISOMETRIC crystal model
is the OCTAHEDRAL crystal form
(yellow) and the TETRAHEDRAL
crystal form (shown by the black
lines).
Mineral Identification Basics
ISOMETRIC CRYSTALS
ISOMETRIC - Basic Cube
a1
a3
a2
a3
a2
a1
Fluorite cube with
crystal axes
Mineral Identification Basics
ISOMETRIC BASIC CRYSTAL SHAPES
Octahedron
Spinel
Cube
Fluorite
Pyrite
Cube with
Pyritohedron
Striations
Trapezohedron
Garnet
Garnet - Dodecahedron
See u next week.
Types of Igneous Rock
Granite
Scoria
Pumice
Obsidian
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Conglomerate
Coarse, rounded
grains
64mm-256mm
Breccia
Coarse, angular
grains
2mm-64mm
Sandstone
Grains
2mm-1/16mm
Shale
Metamorphic Rock Pictures
holokristalin hipokristalin
glasshard
glasshard
Tekstur klastik
Tekstur klastik
Tekstur klastik
Tekstur poikiloblastik
Tekstur granoblastik
Tekstur foliasi
In
situ?
Major Traces Isotopes
XRF
Y Some
Cheap and robust
Microprobe
Y Y
Cheap
ICP-AES
(difficult) Y
Replaced by ICP-MS
ICP-MS
(difficult) Y
De facto standard
LA-ICP-MS
Y (difficult) Y (possible)
Increasingly popular;
expensive, robust once
set up. Lot of potential
for isotopes
ID-TIMS
(possible) Y
Basic tool for
geochronology.
Complicated to use
(clean chemistry)
SHRIMP
Y Y
Regarded as stadard for
geochrono, but
extremely expensive
and difficult to use. Will
probably be replaced by
LA ICP MS