Cng ngh sn xut nm linh chi

Gii thiu chung v nm linh chi

T hn 4000 nm trc Trung Quc, nm linh chi c
coi nh mt loi thn dc, ch dnh ring cho cc bc vua
cha, v th linh chi cn c nhiu tn gi khc nh bt lo
tho, thn tin tho, vn nin, nm thn linh, c huyn
diu...Mi tn gi ca Linh chi gn lin vi mt gi tr dc
liu ca n. Linh chi c tn khoa hc l Ganoderma lucidum.
Tn ting Anh: Varnished Conk hay Ling Chih.

V tr phn loi nm linh chi

Phn loi khoa hc
Gii (regnum) Fungi
Ngnh (phylum) Basidiomycota
Lp (class) Agaricomycetes
B (ordo) Polyporales
H (familia) Ganodermataceae
Chi (genus) Ganoderma
Loi (species) G. lucidum
Danh php hai phn
Ganoderma lucidum
(C
URTIS
) P. K
ARST

Phn nhm
- Nm linh chi c chia lm 2 nhm ln l: C linh chi v linh chi.
- Sch Bn tho cng mc (in nm 1595) ca L Thi Trn, i danh y Trung
Quc phn loi linh chi theo mu sc thnh 6 loi, mi loi c cng dng
cha bnh khc nhau:
Thanh chi (xanh) v toan bnh (v chua, tnh bnh, khng c). Gip cho
sng mt, gip cho an thn, b can kh, tng tr nh, nhn th, dng lu s
thy thn th nh nhng v thoi mi.
Xch chi hoc Hng chi (), c v ng, ch tm kh, ch v, tng tr tu,
dng tim, b trung, cha tr tc ngc.
Hc chi (en) v mn, tnh bnh, ch thn kh, khin cho u c sn khoi v
tinh tng.
Bch chi hay ngc chi(trng) v cay, tnh bnh khng c, ch ph kh, thng
mi, cng tr, an thn.
Hong chi hay kim chi(vng) v ngt, tnh bnh, khng c, ch t kh, trung
ha, an thn.
T chi (tm ) v ngt,tnh n, bo thn, lm cng gn ct, ch tinh, da ti
p.


c im sinh hc ca nm linh chi

Hnh thi cu to







Nm Linh Chi (qu th) cy nm gm 2 phn cung nm v m nm
(phn phin i in vi m nm).

Cung nm di hoc ngn hay khng cung, nh bn c hnh tr
ng knh 0,5-3cm. Cung nm cng, t phn nhnh, i khi c un
khc cong queo. Lp v cung mu , nu , nu en, bng, khng
c lng, ph sut ln mt tn nm.

M nm (tai nm) ho g, xo trn, khi non c hnh trng, ln dn
c hnh qut, hnh bu dc hoc thn. Trn mt m c vn gch ng
tm mu sc t vng chanh- vng ngh- vng nu vng cam
nu nu tm, nhn, c ph bi lp sc t bng nh lng vecni.
M nm c ng knh 2-15cm, dy 0,8-1,2cm, phn nh cung
thng g ln hoc hi lm. Mt di phng, mu trng hoc vng, c
nhiu l li ti, l ni hnh thnh v phng thch bo t nm.
Bo t nm dng trng ct vi hai lp v, gia hai lp v c nhiu
gai nhn ni t trong ra ngoi. Thng sm mu dn khi gi, lp v
nhn bng ph trn kn mt trn m, i khi c lp phn nh xanh
tm. Kch thc tn bin ng ln t (2- 36) cm dy (0,8- 3,3) cm.
Phn nh cung hoc g ln hoc lm nh l rn. Phn tht nm
dy t ( 0,4- 2,2 cm) cht lipe, mu vng kem- nu nht trng kem,
phn chia theo kiu lp trn v lp di, khi nm n tui trng
thnh th pht tn bo t t phin c m nu sm.

2.2. c im sinh trng ca nm linh chi

Chu trnh sng ca nm linh chi ging hu ht cc loi nm khc,
ngha l cng bt u t cc m bo t. Bo t ny mm hnh thnh
h si s cp v th cp. H si th cp tch lu dinh dng hnh
thnh qu th hon chnh mang m bo t mi
Chu trnh pht trin ca nm linh chi:


iu kin sinh trng v pht trin
Yu t Giai on Thch hp Ch thch
Nhit Nui si 28 32
o
C
Kt hch 25 27
o
C
Ra qun 27 28
o
C
pH Nui si 5,0-6,0
nh sng Qu th 500-1200lux
m Nui si 40-60% Nguyn liu
Qu th 70-90% Khng kh

* thng thong: Trong sut qu trnh nui si v pht trin
qu th, nm Linh Chi u cn c thng thong tt.

* nh sng:
- Giai on nui si: khng cn nh sng
- Giai on pht trin qu th: cn nh sng tn x (nh sng
c c). Cng nh sng cn i t mi pha

* Dinh dng: Nm linh chi c kh nng s dng ngun
cellulose trc tip nn ngun nguyn liu trng nm Linh
Chi phong ph: mn ca, thn g, cc loi cy thn tho, b ma
QUY TRNH K THUT NUI TRNG NM LINH
CHI

Nhn ging nm l khu u tin v quan trng trong ngh sn
xut nm, tri qua nhiu cng on v nhiu cp khc nhau.
Qu trnh nhn ging i hi yu cu k thut, thit b dng c
tng i phc tp.
Qu trnh nhn ging nm Linh Chi c m t theo quy trnh

1.Nguyn liu v phng php x l nguyn liu.

Nguyn liu: Nguyn liu ch yu ca Linh Chi l mn ca ( kh
hoc ti) ca cc loi g mm, khng c tinh du hay c t. Ngoi
ra cn c th trng Linh Chi t nguyn liu l thn g mm, cc cy
thuc h thn tho. Tt nht l mn ca cao su, mn keo.
Phng php x l ngun liu:
Chun b nguyn liu: - mn ca
- ti nilon chu nhit, kch thc 25 x 35cm
- bng, c nt, dy nt
- Cc cht ph gia ( bt nh, cm go, bt
ng)
- Nc sch ( nc sinh hot) to m
nguyn liu


X l nguyn liu
To m nguyn liu: gm c 2 phng php chnh : to m v
chm.
To m: to m bng nc vi c pH= 12- 13.
Kim tra m bng cch cm 1 nm mn ca nm tht cht vo
tay ri sau to ra v c kt cu khi th c m 62- 65%.

Khi mn ca t yu cu ta tin hnh ng bng phng
php chm v phng php nhanh.

chm: p dng cho tt c cc loi mn ca ca g mm. Hnh thc
: theo mt khi vi b rng ca y di khong 1,8m; b rng
ca y trn 1,5m; chiu cao 1,2m; v di tu thuc ng v chng
ta nh vy trong khong 3 ngy th tin hnh o ri thm 3 ngy
na.
-Phng php nhanh: p dng cho tt c cc loi mn ca c
chng d tiu nh mn ca b hoc mn ca cao su.

To m nguyn liu bng nc sch vi m khong 62- 65% .
Sau khi to m nguyn liu xong ta li ng vi thi gian : 24- 26h.
Mc ch thm thu u vo trong mn ca ri sau phi trn ph
gia v ng bch.

T l phi trn nguyn liu.
Bt nh : 1- 1,5 % trng lng mn ca to m
Cm go : 5% trng lng mn ca to m
Cm ng : 5- 7% trng lng mn ca to m
Nc m: 62- 65%
1. Phng php ng ti.

- Cch thc hin: bch phi ng trn cng, phng v nn phi cht tay,
ng vo ti nilon theo kch thc sao cho khi lng mi ti t 1,1 -
1,3kg
+ lm c nt ri nt bng sau y np. Sau khi hon chnh
bch xong v ton b bch xong ta chuyn bch vo khu vc hp
tin hnh thanh trng. Lu khng thi gian qu 8h bi v khi phi
trn bt ng v cm go nu thi gian qu di th n s b chua.

2. Phng php thanh trng.

- Mc ch: tiu dit mm mng bnh trong cc bch nguyn liu

- Phng php 1 : Phng cy ging phi sch ( c thanh trng nh k
bng bt lu hunh). thanh trng c tuyt i cn xp cc bch so
le sao cho hi nc bc ln tip xc vi cc thnh bch , thanh trng
nhit 100
0
C, thi gian ko di t 10- 12 ting. Bch linh chi sau khi
hp xong s chuyn t mu sng chuyn sang mu sm hn hoc c mi
thm ca cm v bt ng chn chng t bch c kh trng tuyt
i,cn nu c mi chua nng, hoc mi hc ca cm v mn ca cha
chn ta phi i hp li.
Khi hp xong Bch linh chi t yu cu ta chuyn sang phng cy tin
hnh i bch h nhit xung 28
0
C ta em i cy ging.

- Phng php 2 : thanh trng bng ni p sut ( Autoclave) nhit
t 120

125
0
C ( p sut t 1,2 1,5 at) trong thi gian 4,0 5,0 gi.
Phng php cy ging:

Chun b:
1. Phng cy : phng cy ging phi sch ( c thanh trng nh k
bng bt lu hunh ). Xung quanh phng cy c th quy vi bt hoc
nilon
2. Dng c cy ging : que cy, panh kp, n cn, bn cy, cn st
trng..
3. Nguyn liu : c thanh trng, ngui.
4. Ging : s dng hai loi ging ch yu l trn ht v trn que g.

Ch : Ging phi ng tui, khng gi qu, khng non qu, khng
b nhim nm mc, vi khun, nm di.

Cy ging:
Cy ging trn que g:
- S dng phng php ny cn to l bch nguyn liu c ng knh t
1,8 2cm v t su 15 17 cm.
- Khi cy ging phi t bch nguyn liu gn n cn v ti ging, sau
gp tng que ti ging cy vo bich nguyn liu.
Cy ging nm trn c cht ht.
- S dng ging linh chi cy trn ht. Ta dung que cy ku nh ging cho u
trn b mt bch nguyn liu trnh dp nt ging.
- Lng ging: 10 15 gram cho 1 bch nguyn liu ( 1 ti ging 300gram
cy cho 25 30 ti nguyn liu.
Ch : Ging cy phi m bo ng tui. Trc khi cy ging ta phi
dung cn lau ming chai ging, bc tch lp mng trn b mt nhng khng
c ht ging b nt.
- Trong qu trnh cy, chai ging lun phi nm ngang.
- Sau khi cy ging ta y nt bng li, vn chuyn bch vo khu vc m.
- Phi thng xuyn v sinh sch s phng cy ging
Phng php m si
Chun b khu vc m:
- Nh m bch m bo cc yu cu: sch s, thng thong,kh ro,
kn gi, m t 75% - 85%, nh sng yu, nhit t 20-30
0
C.

m si:
- Chuyn nh nhng cc bch nm cy ging nm vo nh m v
t trn cc gin gi ming bch ln pha trn hoc treo bch sao cho
ming bch quay ngang. Khong cch gia cc gin hoc lung l
0,8m nu i 1 bn hoc 1,6m nu i 2 bn, khong cch gia cc bch
t 2 -3 cm c li i tin trong vic theo di kim tra.
- Trong thi giam m khng c ti nc, hn ch ti a vic vn
chuyn.


- Vo ngy th 15 si nm mc c 1/3 hoc 1/2 bch nm, c s
hnh thnh qu th b mt c cht trong bch nm, ta phi tin hnh
ni nt bng c nt ch li 1/5 lng bng nt ban u cho nm
mc qua c nt khng b kt. T ngy 16 tr i tuyt i khng cm
vo c nt bi v lc ny h si bm ln c nt nu cm vo s lm
t h si. n ngy th 16- 25 h si lin kt to thnh qu th, qu
th chui ra c nt ng thi h si bm xung di y v kt thc
giai on m.
- Trong qu trnh si nm pht trin nu thy c bch b nhim cn
phi loi b ngay khi khu vc m ng thi tm nguyn nhn
khc phc :
+ Bch b nhim b mt phn ln do thao tc cy v phng cy b
nhim.
+ Bch b nhim tng phn hoc ton b c th do b thng ti nilon
hoc hp v trng cha t yu cu.

Phng php chm sc thu hi
Chun b cc iu kin:

- Nh trng nm phi m bo sch s, thng thong, c mi chng ma
dt v ch ng c cc iu kin sinh thi nh sau:
+ Nhit thch hp cho nm mc dao ng t 22
0
C 28
0
C.
+ m khng kh t 80- 90%.
+ nh sng khuych tn ( mc c sch c ) v chiu u t
mi pha.
+ Kn gi.
- Trong nh c h thng gin gi tng din tch s dng.
Thu hi Linh Chi bng phng php khng ph t : qu th
nm mc qua c nt hoc vt rch bch.

.
Rch bch v ti nc.
- Xp cc bch nm trn cc gin gi trong nh chm sc hoc
treo bch ( nu treo phi treo nm ngang).
- Ti phun sng nh vo ti nm mi ngy t 3 5 ln ( ty
theo iu kin thi tit). Ch chm sc nh trn c duy tr
lin tc cho n khi vin trng trn vnh m qu th khng cn
na l hi c.


Thu hi:

Dng dao hoc ko sc ct chn nm st b mt c nt ca bch
nm. Ly vi c qut ln vt ct ca gc nm bch nm
khng b bnh.
Qu th nm sau khi thu hi c v sinh sch s, phi kh hoc
sy nhit 50
0
C 55
0
C ( khng sy nhit qu cao s
lm bay ht hot cht trong nm ).
m ca nm kh di 13%, t l khong 3kg nm ti c
1kg nm kh.
Khi thu hi ht t 1, tin hnh chm sc nh lc ban u tn
thu t 2, 3.
Nng sut thu hoch t t 8 - 10% ti, tng ng 2,5 3%
kh ( 1 tn nguyn liu thu c 25 30kg nm Linh Chi kh).
Kt thc t nui trng cn phi v sinh v thanh trng nh
xng bng fooc mn vi nng t 0,5 1%.

Thu hi nm Linh Chi bng phng php ph t :
Chun b t ph :

t ph c kt cu vin, dng t tht nh giu cht hu c (
thng ly tng canh tc la, rau mu ) c pH= 7 -7,5; kch thc
t 0,3 1,5cm.

Cch lm t v ph t:

dung cuc xng p nh t, ly sang c nan tha lc nh loi b
t bt, vn. Phn cn li bng ht ng tr ln ( kch thc 0,3
1,5cm) l c, sau em phi kh.
Lng t ph dy 2,5 3cm ; cn khong 25 30 kg t/1m
2

lung nm.
Trc khi ph t thu nht lp giy bo, kim tra si nm mc u
trn mt lung v n kn khong ti, g b nt bng, m ming,
ph ln trn b mt mt lp t c chiu dy 2-3cm.

Chm sc sau khi ph t:
Nu t ph kh cn phi ti cn thn ( ti phun sng) t
m tr li. Tuyt i khng ti nhiu nc, nc thm xung nn
c cht s gy bnh, nh hng n qu trnh hnh thnh qu th
nm. Trong thi gian 7-10 ngy u ( k t lc ph t) cn duy tr
m khng kh trong nh t t 80-90% bng cch ti nc
thng xuyn trn nn nh. Khi qu th bt u hnh thnh v nh
ln trn mt lp t ph cn duy tr m lin tc nh trn cho n
khi n im thu hi c. Thi gian t khi nm mc n lc thu
hoch ko di khong 30-35 ngy ( 65-70 ngy t khi cy ging).
Khi ngoi vic duy tr m trong phng th ta cn phi ti
phun sng nh trc tip trn b mt t ph t 1-3 ln trong ngy (
ty theo iu kin thi tit) mc ch gip t ph lun duy tr
m ( tng t m ca t trng rau) vic chm sc nh trn
ko di lin tc cho ti khi vin mu trng trn m nm khng cn
na, lc nm n tui thu hi.



bo qun:

- Qu th nm sau khi thu hi c v sinh sch s, phi kh
hoc sy nhit 55- 60
0
C. Nm c th ct nt nh hoc c
tai nm.
- Sy nm cho n khi m ca nm ch cn 12-14% so vi ban
u l c. sau cho nm vo ti nilon dn ht khng kh ra
ngoi v buc cht ri cho vo ti nilon th 2
- m ca nm kh di 13%, t l khong 3kg ti c 1 kg
kh.
- Nng sut t bnh qun t 40-50kg nm kh/ 1 tn nguyn liu.
Mt s bnh ca nm linh chi v bin php phng
bnh
Nm linh chi cng nh bt k loi vt nui hay cy trng u c th mc
phi nhiu loi bnh khc nhau. Kt qu dn n cht lng nm v sn
lng nm, nghim trng hn l gy tht thu cho ngi tiu dng.
Mt s bnh ca nm linh chi:
Bnh ch yu c 2 dng: bnh sinh l v bnh nhim.
Bnh sinh l: xy ra thng xuyn trong qu trnh nui trng.
Ch yu do cc nguyn nhn:
- yu t ngoi cnh: nhit , nh sng, pH, nng CO
2
, O
2
, m mi
trng
- diu kin nui trng khng thun li.
- cht lng dinh dng c cht trng nm.
Bnh nhim:
- yu t gy bnh a dng, ch yu: vi sinh vt, nm mc, nm nhy, nm
di,
Cc loi cn trng: b nhy, rui, tuyn trng, nhn mt, gin, bm,
Bin php phng bnh trong nui trng nm

Chn a im trng: a im nui trng phi sch s, trnh xa
cc ngun bnh: cng rnh, nh my

Hp l ho quy trnh sn xut: quy trnh sn xut cn c tnh
ton sao cho thun li nht cho qu trnh nui trng v chm
sc.
B tr kho nguyn liu, ni d tr sn phm, phng cy, phng
v ni nui trng cn tnh ton khng ly nhim ln
nhau.
Nh trng cn tnh ton sao cho ph hp vi tng a im nui
trng v m bo thng thong, nh sng, m bo v sinh
X l mi trng v nguyn liu: mi trng v nguyn
liu cn phi m bo v sinh, hn ch cc ngun gy
nhim vo nm..
qu trnh x l nguyn liu cn phi k cng nhng phi
m bo khng lm thay i thnh phn dinh dng
ca c cht.

Ngn chn bnh ly lan: trng hp bnh xy ra phi c
lp ngay khu vc bnh, cch ly ngun bnh v c bin
php x l ph hp. theo di nm thng xuyn.
Bnh thng cha thy bnh xy ra cng phi c k
hoch chm sc nh k c th pht hin sm mm
bnh kp ngn chn trc khi ly lan.
Gi tr v ng dng ca nm linh chi
Tin S Nguyn Vn Hiu cho bit: "Cu trc c o ca Nm Linh
Chi chnh l thnh phn khong t vi lng loi (119 cht), trong
mt s khong t nh Germanium hu c, vanadium, crm
cc hp cht polysaccharides v triterpenoids... c khng nh
l nhn t quan trng cho nhiu loi phn ng chng ung th, d
ng, lo ha, x va, ng mu ni mch, gip iu chnh dn
truyn thn kinh,bo v cu trc ca nhn t bo".

Thnh phn hu hiu ca linh chi:
Polysaccharide: l 1 trong nhng thnh phn hu hiu nht, rt c
cc nh y dc hc coi trng. Polysac c hot tnh dc liu rng,
nng cao kh nng min dch c th, tc dng phng x, gii c,
nng cao ch nng gan, ty xng, mu hp thnh DNA, RNA,
protein, ko di tui th
Lactone A : h thp cholesterol
Urucil v uridine: gim chng trng c do lm thc nghim.
Adenosine:c tc dng chn tnh, chng thiu dng kh
Adenine: trn tnh, h cholesterol trong huyt thanh, chng thiu
dng kh.
Acid oleic: c ch t bo ph o phng thch t chc amin, ngoi
ra c tc dng lm n nh m, chng d ng.
Cellulose: c tc dng h cholesterol, d phng x cng ng
mch, tr to bn, tiu ng, cao huyt p, tc mch mu no.
Nguyn t germanium: tng cng x dng oxy ca accs t bo,
gip kh huyt lu thng.
Nguyn t selenium: tng tui th, gii c, phng nga bnh tim
mch.



Tc dng ca nm linh chi chng khi u: Nm linh chi c cha cc hot cht
khng khi u nh triterpenes, mt cht ngn nga s lan rng ca cc khi
u c tnh. Hp cht ng a phn t polysaccharides gip tng cng
chc nng min dch v cng l nhng chin binh tiu dit khi u.Trong
mt s nghin cu gn y, linh chi c chng minh l gip nh bt
khi u theo nhiu cch khc nhau, chng hn nh th nghim trn ng vt,
kt qu cho thy linh chi c th ngn nga di cn.
Tng testosterone: Linh chi gip c th sn sinh ra hp cht hu c thnh
steroid. iu ny c ngha n c th gip y nhanh trng thi ng ha,
gip c th ti c cu v cng c, pht trin cc c bp. ng thi, loi
nm ny cng gip ngn chn mt loi enzyme chuyn i hoc-mn
testosterone thnh dihydrotestosterone, lu li nhiu testosterone hn trong
c th, qua tng chc nng sinh dc.
Lm long mu: Ganoderma trong linh chi c tc dng lm long mu, bi
vy loi nm ny c th c s dng tr huyt p cao v chng kch
ng.


Tt cho gan: Axit ganoderic trong nm linh chi gip tr cc chng bnh
lin quan n gan ngi.
Khng khun: Ngoi vic tng cng chc nng min dch, ganoderma
cn c tc dng khng khun, gip chng li cc loi vi khun v virut
thng gp nh HSV-1, HSV-2, vi rt cm, vim ming
Gin mch mu: V c cha alkaloid(c cha nito) v adenosine nn linh
chi rt hu dng trong vic lm gin mch mu. iu ny ng ngha vi
linh chi gip mch mu gin n, cho php nhiu mu, oxi v cht dinh
dng n khp ni trong c th, thng qua gip tng nng lng v
gip y nhanh qu trnh hn gn vt thng. Ngoi ra, linh chi cng gip
gim huyt p.

Ngoi ra Nm linh chi cn c tc dng cha bnh mt ng, l d dy,
t thp, suyn, sng c hng. Ngi Trung Hoa hin nay cn dng
Linh Chi cho da mt thm mn, c l l do cc cht hormone trong loi
nm ny. Nhiu y gia Nht Bn li dng Linh Chi trong cc loi thuc tr
rng tc...
Phn tch nhng thun li v kh khn Vit
Nam khi nui trng nm linh chi

Nm Linh chi c quan tm nhiu Vit Nam trong nhng
nm 80, 90 ca th k XX v hin nay ang pht trin va ngy
cng lan rng n nhiu tnh thnh trong c nc vi sn
lng hng nm t khng 10 tn/nm (C c Trng, 1991,
1993). Quy m sn xut chu yu l quy m nho, theo h gia
nh, trang tri mi nm s dng vi tn nguyn liu c sn ti
vi trm tn /1 c s sn xut nm.

Thun li:
iu kin nui trng: iu kin thin nhin u i, nht l cc tnh pha
Nam. Chnh lch gia nhit thng nng & lnh khng ln lm, nn
c th trng nm quanh nm. Khng khi c nhiu hi nc rt thch hp
cho nm (do gn bin & nhiu sng h). m thp nht l thnh ph
H Ch Minh thi trung bnh cng khng di 80%.
- Ngun nguyn liu di do: lng g khai thc bnh qun hng nm l
3,5 triu m3, nu ch bin sn phm s cung cp mt lng mt ca
khng l cho trng nm, cha k n cc ph liu khc cng chim s
lng rt ln nh ci bp, ba ma, thn cy bp, bng thi... Cc loi ph
liu sau thu hoch rt giu cellulo.
Tim nng ngun lc: Lc lng lao ng cn nhn ri kha ng o,
nht l trong lnh vc nng nghip (chim trn 80% dn s c nc).



Ngi Vit Nam vi bn tnh cn c, sing nng, ham hc hi c
th tip thu ky thut trng nm mt cch d dng, t o p dng
vo thc t sn xut. Bn cnh o i ngu ky thut c rn luyn
trong thc t ngy cng nhiu, s l ht nhn thc y phong tro
trng nm lan rng.

Tim nng v thi trng tiu thu :Vi iu kin xa hi, khoa hc
ky thut ngy cng pht trin, i sng con ngi nng cao, iu
kin kinh t thun li. Ngi tiu dng ngy cng c tip cn
,hiu ro cc gia tr m nm Linh chi mang li cng vi xu hng
tiu dng mi l s dng cc mt hng c li cho sc khe nh
vy nhu cu s dng cc sn phm t nm Linh chi ngy gia tng.
Hin nay, lng tiu th nm Linh chi Vit Nam hng nm l 70
tn. Trong , lng nm Linh chi nhp v t Trung Quc khong
36 tn, t Hn Quc khong 7 tn, s cn li do trong nc sn
xut. D bo n nm 2010, lng nm Linh chi tiu th ti Vit
Nam ln 100 tn/nm.
Kh khn
- trnh k thut cha cao
- a s cc h sn xut nh l, c s sn xut cha c u
t h tng.
- cc loi bnh nm mc, nm xanh v chut lm gim cht
lng nm.