Mendelian and non-Mendelian

inheritance
September 18
th


1
Learning objectives for September
18
th

After todays class students, students should
be able to:
predict the products of a normal meiosis.
predict the products of meiosis in which a non-
disjunction event occurs in meiosis I.
predict the products of meiosis in which a non-
disjunction event occurs in meiosis II.
order selected events from male and female
meiosis.
hypothesize why more non-disjunction events are
present in oocytes than in sperm and why more
single base changes are present in sperm than in
oocytes.
2
H
o
m
e
w
o
r
k
!
!

What percentage of known pregnancies
end in a miscarriage?
a) 0%-1%
b) 1%-5%
c) 5%-10%
d) 10%-15%
e) 15%-20%

3
unknown pregnancies: 50%-70%
Color indicates parental origin
- pink = maternal origin
- blue = paternal origin
Letter = allele
Diploid
vs.
Haploid
Two sets of all chromsomes.
Example: AABB
One set of all chromosomes.
Example: AB
B
4
What is the relationship between the chromosome carrying the A allele
and the chromosome carrying the aallele?
Check your vocabulary
Homologs
- same genes, can be different alleles
5
Check your vocabulary
What is the relationship between the chromatid
carrying the a allele and the other chromatid
attached to it carrying the aallele?
Sister chromatids
Homologs
- same genes, can be different alleles
- same genes, identical alleles
6
Please refer to Table 3.1 on page 74 for
an excellent comparison between mitosis
and meiosis.
7
Lets have this diploid cell undergo meiosis
B
8
At metaphase I, how should the alleles be
arranged on the metaphase plate?
A)
D)
B)
C)
A A
a a
B B
b b
B B
b b
A A
a a
A A a a
B B b b
b b B B
A A a a
9
At metaphase II, how should the alleles be
arranged on the metaphase plate?
A)
D)
B)
C)
b b
B B
A A a a
A A B B
a a b b
A A
B B
a a
b b
b b
A A
B B
a a
10
11
D)
B)
A A
B B
a a
b b
b b
A A
B B
a a
HOMEWORK!! Predict
all the gametes
produced
from these cells.

Bring the answers to
discussion the week of
Sept 23.
12
A A a a
B B b b
Metaphase 1
a a
b b
A A
B B
Metaphase 2
HOMEWORK!! Predict all the
gametes produced
from non-disjunction in M1 and M2
Bring the answers to discussion the
week of Sept 23.
Female vs. Male Meiosis
13
worksheet
Lets go through the order of female
meiosis.
Meiosis initiated in fetal
development
One functional germ cell
Resumption upon puberty
Arrested at metaphase of
meiosis II
Asymmetric cell division
Arrested in prophase of
meiosis I
14
asymmetric cell division
Lets go through the order of male
meiosis.
Meiosis initiated in
puberty
Symmetric cell division
4 functional germ cells
Symmetric cell division
Meiosis proceeds
uninterrupted
15
Lets now compare male and
female meiosis on a time-line.
Females Males
Fetal
Puberty
Meiosis initiated
A
r
r
e
s
t

Resumption of meiosis Meiosis initiated
Asymmetric division Symmetric division
Asymmetric division Symmetric division
C
y
c
l
i
c
a
l

C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

8

Menopause 16
17
Case Study
18
19
This graph shows the rates of
trisomy in females and males.
Hecht, C. A. and Hook, E. B. 1996. 20
21
This graph shows rates of de novo
mutations in sperm
22
Proband can be
defined as the
first individual of
a family who has
particular disease
One minute paper on index cards
give to your TAs before leaving
class
Describe a plausible cellular process
that explains why there is an increase
of trisomies in females as they age
compared to males.
Describe a plausible cellular process
that explains why there is an increased
rate of de novo mutations present in
sperm as males age.
23
Learning objectives for September
18
th

After todays class students, students should
be able to:
predict the products of a normal meiosis.
predict the products of meiosis in which a non-
disjunction event occurs in meiosis I.
predict the products of meiosis in which a non-
disjunction event occurs in meiosis II.
order selected events from male and female
meiosis.
hypothesize why more non-disjunction events are
present in oocytes than in sperm and why more
single base changes are present in sperm than in
oocytes.
24
H
o
m
e
w
o
r
k
!
!