Tema 2:

Tecnologas LAN.
Evolucin de Ethernet.
Ethernet para MANs
VPLS

EtherChannel
Resilient Ethernet: HSRP

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010 http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Overview
Ethernet is the dominant LAN technology.
Easy to implement; flexible.

10BASE5, 10BASE2, & 10BASE-T Ethernet

Manchester encoding
Ethernet timing limits
10BASE-T wiring parameters

100-Mbps Ethernet (Fast Ethernet)

Gigabit Ethernet
MAC, frame formats, & transmission process
media and encoding
pinouts and wiring

Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet

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10 Mbps Ethernet
4 common features of Legacy Ethernet:
timing parameters, frame format, transmission processes, &
basic design rule.

Asynchronous
Uses Preamble and SFD for synchronization

Slot Time
For speeds 1000 Mbps, minimum transmission time

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

10BaseT
Introduced in 1990
UTP cheaper & easier to install than co-ax.
Star or extended star topology.

Supports half- & full-duplex.

10 Mbps at half-duplex; 20 Mbps at full-duplex.

Manchester encoding
Max unrepeated distance 100m
UTP Categories:

3 - 16 Mhz, 100 ohms

4 20 Mhz, 100 ohms
5 100 Mhz , 100 ohms
5e 350 Mhz, 100 ohms

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10BaseT Wiring & Architecture

Star topology
Hub or switch as concentration point.
Switch divides into separate collision domains.

Design concern minimize delay between distant stations.

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100 Mbps or Fast Ethernet

Two technologies:
100Base-TX : copper UTP
100Base-FX : multimode optical fiber

Same frame format as 10 Mbps Ethernet

10x faster than 10Base-T
Timing is more critical;
more susceptible to noise.
Uses two encoding steps
4B/5B
Actual line encoding.

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1000 Mbps or Gigabit Ethernet

Standards
IEEE 802.3ab Gigabit using Cat 5, or higher.
IEEE 802.3z - Gigabit over optical fiber.

1000Base-TX, 1000Base-SX, & 1000Base-LX use same

timing, transmission, & frame format.
Uses two separate encoding steps:
At physical layer, bit patterns from the MAC layer are converted
into symbols.
frame is coded into control & data symbols to increase in
network throughput.

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

1000Base-T
Designed for Cat 5e or better
UTP.
uses all four pairs of wires;
full-duplex transmissions on
each wire pair! - 250 Mbps per
pair; 1000 Mbps for 4 wire
pairs.

Data is divided into 4 parallel

streams, encoded, transmitted,
detected, and reassembled.
Supports both half and full
duplex.
Full-duplex is widespread.

4D-PAM5 Pulse Amplitude

Modulation
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1000Base-SX and LX
IEEE 802.3 standard recommended preferred backbone
technology
Timing, frame format, & transmission are common to all
versions of 1000 Mbps.
Uses 8B/10B encoding; and NRZ line encoding.

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

1000Base-SX and LX (2)

SX vs LX
SX is short-wavelength
850 nm; multimode.

LX is long-wavelength
1310 nm; single or
multimode.

MAC method treats link

as point-to-point.
Separate fibers for Tx and
Rx.
Inherently full duplex.

Gigabit Ethernet permits

only a single repeater
between two stations.
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Gigabit Ethernet Architecture

Distance limitations of full-duplex links
limited only by the medium; not round-trip delay.

Auto-Negotiation recommended for all links between

station & hub or switch.
to permit highest common performance.

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

10 Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3ae standard (2002).
10 Gbps full-duplex transmission over fiber.
Use in LANs, MANs, WANs.
distance to 40 km over single-mode fiber.
compatibility with SONET and SDH networks.

Properties
Same Frame format
Compatible with legacy, fast, & gigabit, with no reframing or
protocol conversions.

Bit time is 0.1 nanoseconds.

Full-duplex only (CSMA/CD not necessary).
IEEE 802.3 sublayers within OSI Layer 2 are preserved.
Some additions to accommodate 40 km fiber links and
interoperability with SONET/SDH technologies.
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Flexible, efficient, reliable, relatively low cost end-to-end

Ethernet networks become possible.

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

10 Gigabit Ethernet (3)

Implementations being considered:
10GBASE-SR
for short distances (26 82 m) over multimode fiber.

10GBASE-LX4
distances 240 m to 300 m over multimode fiber, and 10 km over
single-mode fiber.

10GBASE-LR & 10GBASE-ER

10 km & 40 km over single-mode fiber.

10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW, & 10GBASE-EW

to work with OC-192 synchronous transport module SONET/SDH
WAN equipment.

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10 Gigabit Ethernet Architecture

Issues of synchronization, bandwidth, and Signal-toNoise Ratio:
10-Gigabit Ethernet uses two encoding steps.
uses codes (symbols) for user data give efficient transmission.
encoded data provides
synchronization,
efficient use of BW,
and improved
Signal-to-Noise
Ratio.

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Future of Ethernet
Ethernet is evolving into LAN, MAN, & WAN technology.
Standards for 40, 100, or even 160 Gbps are being developed.

Full-duplex high-speed Ethernet technologies are taking

over even QoS-intensive applications.
Like: IP telephony & video multicast.

Acceso

Distribucin Metro

ATM ADSL
T1/E1
FR
ATM

ATM
SONET/SDH

ATM
SONET/SDH

Optical Ethernet
EoMPLS
VPLS
EoRPR
NG-SONET(EoS)
Metro DWDM

Optical Ethernet
EoMPLS
VPLS
RPR
NG-SONET(EoS)
Metro DWDM

Metro Core

MDU

Global
Internet

STU

Empresa

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Casa

Residencial

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Evolucin de Ethernet

MTU
IP ADSL
IP VDSL
EPON
EFM
Optical Ethernet
EoRPR
NG-SONET(EoS)

Global
Internet

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Servicios Metropolitanos
Algunos servicios son:

Conectividad Internet
Transparent LAN service (punto a punto LAN to LAN)
L2VPN (punto a punto o multipunto a multipunto LAN to LAN)
Extranet
LAN a Frame Relay/ATM VPN
Conectividad a centro de backup
Storage area networks (SANs)
Metro transport (backhaul)
VoIP

Algunos se estn ofreciendo desde hace aos. La

diferencia est en que ahora se ofrecen usando
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conectividad Ethernet !!

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Servicio Ethernet Modelo de referencia

Customer Equipment (CE) se conecta
a travs de UNI
CE puede ser un
router
Bridge IEEE 802.1Q (switch)

UNI (User Network Interface)

Standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PHY and
MAC
10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps or 10Gbps
Soporte de varias clases de servicio (QoS)

Metro Ethernet Network (MEN)

Puede usar distintas tecnologas de
transporte y de provisin de servicio
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CE

SONET/SDH, WDM, PON, RPR, MAC-inMAC, QiQ (VLAN stack), MPLS

UNI
Metro
Ethernet
Network
(MEN)

CE
UNI

CE

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Servicio Ethernet Modelo (2)

Sobre el anterior modelo, se aade un cuarto
ingrediente: una Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC)
EVC: es una asociacin entre dos o ms UNI
Es creada por el proveedor del servicio para un cliente
Una trama enviada en un EVC puede ser enviada a uno o ms
UNIs del EVC:
Nunca ser enviada de vuelta al UNI de entrada.
Nunca ser enviada a un UNI que no pertenezca al EVC.

Las EVCs pueden ser:

Punto a punto (E-Line)
Multipunto a multipunto (E-LAN)

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Cada tipo de servicio ethernet tiene un conjunto de

atributos de servicio y sus correspondientes parmetros
que definen las capacidades del servicio.

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Atributos de un servicio en particular Ethernet

Multiplexacin de servicios
Asocia una UNI con varias EVC. Puede ser:
Hay varios clientes en una sla puerta (ej. En un POP UNI)
Hay varias conexiones de servicios distintos para un solo cliente

Transparencia de VLAN
Significa que proveedor del servico no cambia el identificador de
la VLAN ( el MEN aparece como un gran switch)
En el servicio de acceso a Internet tiene poco importancia

Bundling
Ms de una VLAN de cliente est asociada al EVC en una UNI

Etc.

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TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Atributos
Atributos de UNI:

Atributos de EVC:
Parmetros de trfico (CIR, EIR, in, out, etc)
Committed Information Rate (CIR)
Excess Information Rate (EIR)

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identificador, tipo de medio, velocidad, duplex, etc

Atributo de soporte de VLAN tag
Atributo de multiplexacin de servicio
Security filters attribute
etc

Parmetros de prestaciones (delay, jitter, etc)

Parmetros de Clase de Servicio (VLAN-ID, valor de .1p, etc)
Multicast frame delivery
etc

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)

Point-to-Point
Ethernet Virtual Circuits
(EVC)

Servers

UNI

IP Voice

IP PBX
Metro
Ethernet
Network

CE

Data

CE
1 or more
UNIs

IP Voice

UNI
CE

2
2
Data

Video

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)

Una E-Line puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado
con un ancho de banda compartido.

EPL: Ethernet Private Line

Es un servicio EVC punto a punto con un ancho de banda
dedicado
El cliente siempre dispone del CIR
Normalmente en canales SDH en redes MPLS
Es como una lnea en TDM, pero con una interfaz ethernet

EVPL: Ethernet Virtual Private Line

En este caso hay un CIR y un EIR y una mtrica para el soporte
de SLAs (service level agreement)
Es similar al Frame Relay
Se suele implementar con canales TDM compartidos con redes
de conmutacin de paquetes usando SWs y/o routers

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TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)

Multipoint-to-Multipoint
Ethernet Virtual Circuit
(EVC)

IP Voice

Servers

UNI
UNI
Data

IP PBX

CE

Metro
Ethernet
Network

CE

IP Voice
CE

UNI

UNI

CE

IP Voice

Data
Data

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TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

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Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)

Una E-LAN puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado
con un ancho de banda compartido.
EPLan: Ethernet Private LAN
Suministra una conectividad multipunto entre dos o ms UNIs,
con un ancho de banda dedicado.

EVPLan: Ethernet Virtual Private LAN

Otros nombres:
VPLS: Virtual Private Lan Service
TLS: Transparent Lan Service
VPSN: Virtual Private Switched Network

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Un ejemplo: ONO

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TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Un ejemplo: ONO

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Otro ejemplo: Telefonica

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Otro ejemplo: Telefonica

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)

VPLS defines an architecture allows MPLS networks offer
Layer 2 multipoint Ethernet Services
SP emulates an IEEE Ethernet bridge network (virtual)
Virtual Bridges linked with MPLS Pseudo Wires
Data Plane used is same as EoMPLS (point-to-point)
VPLS is an Architecture
CE

PE

PE

CE

CE

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Virtual Private LAN Service

End-to-end architecture that allows MPLS networks to

provide Multipoint Ethernet services
It is Virtual because multiple instances of this service
share the same physical infrastructure
It is Private because each instance of the service is
independent and isolated from one another
It is LAN Service because it emulates Layer 2
multipoint connectivity between subscribers

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Why Provide A Layer 2 Service?

Customer have full operational control over their

routing neighbours
Privacy of addressing space - they do not have to be
shared with the carrier network
Customer has a choice of using any routing protocol
including non IP based (IPX, AppleTalk)
Customers could use an Ethernet switch instead of a
router as the CPE
A single connection could reach all other edge points
emulating an Ethernet LAN (VPLS)

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

VPLS is defined in IETF

Application

VPWS, VPLS, IPLS

ISOC
General

L2VPN
Formerly PPVPN
workgroup

IAB

L3VPN
Internet
PWE3

IETF

Ops and Mgmt

Routing

Security

As of 2-Nov-2006

Transport

MPLS

BGP/MPLS VPNs (RFC

4364 was 2547bis)
IP VPNs using Virtual
Routers (RFC 2764)
CE based VPNs using IPsec

Pseudo Wire Emulation

edge-to-edge
Forms the backbone
transport for VPLS

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Ethernet

Classification of VPNs
VPN

Network
Based

CPE
Based

Layer 2

P2P

Layer 3

VPWS

VPLS
IPLS

MPLS
VPN

Layer 3

Virtual
Router

IPSec

GRE

Ethernet (P2MP)
Ethernet (MP2MP)

Frame Relay
PPP/HDLC
ATM/Cell Relay
Ethernet (P2P)

Frame Relay
ATM

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

L2VPN Models

L2VPN

MPLS

IP

Like-to-Like
Any-to-Any

Like-to-Like

VPWS
Point-to-Point

PPP
HDLC

Ethernet

VPLS/IPLS
Multipoint

PPP
HDLC

ATM
AAL5/Cell
FR

L2TPv3
Point-to-Point

Ethernet

Ethernet

ATM
AAL5/Cell
FR

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

IP LAN-Like Service (IPLS)

An IPLS is very similar to a VPLS except

The CE devices must be hosts or routers not switches

The service will only carry IPv4 or IPv6 packets
IP Control packets are also supported ARP, ICMP
Layer 2 packets that do not contain IP are not supported

IPLS is a functional subset of the VPLS service

MAC address learning and aging not required

Simpler mechanism to match MAC to CE can be used
Bridging operations removed from the PE
Simplifies hardware capabilities and operation

Defined in draft-ietf-l2vpn-ipls

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

VPLS Components

Pseudo Wires within LSP

Virtual Switch Interface (VSI)
terminates PW and provides
Ethernet bridge function

Attachment circuits
Port or VLAN mode

CE router

Mesh of LSP between N-PEs

N-PE

N-PE

CE router

CE router

CE router

CE switch

CE switch

MPLS
Core

Targeted LDP between PEs to

exchange VC labels for Pseudo Wires

CE router

CE switch

N-PE

Attachment CE
can be a switch or router

Tema 2:
Tecnologas LAN.
EtherChannel
Resilient Ethernet: HSRP

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010 http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Etherchannel Concepts
An Etherchannel combines multiple physical links into a single logical link. Ideal for load
sharing or link redundancy can be used by both layer 2 and Layer 3 subsystems

Physical View
Multiple ports are
defined as being
part of an
Etherchannel
group

Logical View
Subsystems running
on the switch only
see one logical link

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An Etherchannel can be defined on Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gigabit

Ethernet Ports

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

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Etherchannel Concepts
Multichassis EtherChannel (MEC)
Prior to Virtual Switch, Etherchannels were restricted to reside within the same physical
switch. In a Virtual Switch environment, the 2 physical switches form a single logical network
entity - therefore Etherchannels can now also be extended across the 2 physical chassis
Virtual Switch

Regular Etherchannel on single chassis

Virtual Switch

Multichassis EtherChannel across 2 VSLenabled Chassis

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

Resilient Ethernet
How does a workstation get a default gateway?
DHCP: gives the workstation the default gateway
IRDP (ICMP Router Discovery Protocol): extension to ICMP that
allows an end-station to automatically discover a default
gateway. RPs (Route Processors) periodically generate special
multicast packets that announce the routers existence to the
clients every 5 to 10 minutes. Multicast packet has the RPs
address and a life-time value. Could take up to 30 minutes.
Proxy ARP: host dynamically discovers default IP address and
MAC of the default gateway. When default gateway fails, traffic
is dropped. After a lengthy period of time, host will re-perform
the Proxy ARP, but in most situations, host will continue using
same failed default gateway.

What happens to the workstation when router fails?

Host cant communicate with other networks
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Solution is HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol)

Cisco-proprietary
protocol
Provides Layer 3
redundancy
Transparent to end
stations
RP (Route Processor)
monitors the status of
other RPs and
provides a quick
failover when primary
default gateway fails.

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HSRP

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HSRP

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HSRP Group
A group of 2 or more RPs
that represent a single
default gateway. It has a
virtual IP address and a
virtual MAC address. If
the primary RP fails,
another RP takes over.
One RP can be the
backup for multiple
primary default gateways
Only one RP forwards
data for a LAN.

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

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HSRP Group

Group has the

following type of RPs:
Virtual RP
Active RP
Standby RP
Other RPs
Virtual RP
Provides a
single RP that is available
to end stations.
Not a real RPthe IP and
MAC addresses are not
physically assigned to any
one interface on any of the
RPs in the broadcast
domain

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HSRP Group
Active RP
Responsible for forwarding all traffic destined for the Virtual RPs MAC
address.
Elected in an election processRP with highest priority is active. If
priorities are same, highest IP address wins. Default priority is 100.
Only one active RP per network/subnetwork/VLAN

Standby RP
Elected in an election process
Keeps tabs on Active RP by looking for HSRP multicast messages (HSRP
hellos). Hellos are sent by active RP every 3 seconds. If standby doesnt
hear any hellos for 10 seconds, it promotes itself and becomes the
active RP.
Sends out its own hellos every 3 seconds so that if it fails, one of the
other possible HSRP RPs in the standby group will become the standby.
Only one standby RP per network/subnetwork/VLAN

TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADAS Master IC 2009-2010

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HSRP Group
Other HSRP RPs
Listen for hellos from standby and active RPs.
If any end-station uses a REAL MAC address of one of the RPs in
the broadcast domain, that specific RP (whether active, standby
or other RP) will process and forward the frame.

Each standby group must have a unique virtual IP

address and a virtual MAC address.
These addresses are unique across different VLANs.

End stations perform an ARP request with the virtual IP

address and get the virtual MAC address of the default
gateway RP.