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OUTLINE
Transport protocol
Performance metrics
Congestion control
Congestion Detection
Congestion Notification
Congestion Mitigation & Avoidance
Loss Recovery
Loss Detection & Notification
Retransmission Recovery
Transport protocol
Runs over the network layer
End-to-end messsage transmisson
Provide functions:Orderely transmission
Flow & Congestion Control
Loss recovery
QOS
Performance Metrics
1. Energy Efficiency:
Factors affecting energy efficiency:Packet loss
Retransmission distance
Control messages
2. Reliability:
For different applications , different levels of reliability
may be required. According to packet loss 2 types of
reliabilty can be classified:Packet reliability: Application is loss sensitive & require
successful transmission of each packet.Eg:- downstream
code distribution or queries.
Event reliability: Requirement of loss-tolerant applications
that allow certain packet loss. Eg:-sensor nodes with digital
camera can be used to send images to the sink
Congestion Control
Mainly two reasons that result in congestion in a WSN:
packet arrival rate exceeding the packet service rate
contention, interference, and the bit error rate on a link
In a WSN, congestion has a direct impact on energy efficiency
and application QoS.
Congestion can cause:
buffer overflow
queuing delay and higher packet loss
Three mechanisms that can deal with this problem:1. congestion detection
2. congestion notification and
3. congestion mitigation and avoidance
Congestion Detection
In TCP, congestion is observed or inferred at the end
nodes based on a timeout or redundant
acknowledgment.
In a WSN, however, it is preferred to use proactive
mechanisms.
A common mechanism for congestion detection is to
use
queue length,
packet service time, or
the ratio of packet service time over packet
interarrival time at the intermediate nodes
Congestion Notification
Loss Recovery
Loss recovery is more active and energy efficient, and
can be performed at both the link layer and the
transport layer.
At the link layer, loss recovery is performed on a hopby-hop basis, while at the transport it is usually done
on an end - to - end basis.
Loss recovery approach consist of 2 phases:
Loss detection and notification, and
Retransmission recovery
Retransmission Recovery
Retransmission of lost or damaged packets can also be
performed by
End - to - end: Source performs the retransmission & an
intermediate node that intercepts loss notification searches its local
buffer.
If it finds a copy of the lost packet in the buffer, it retransmits it.
Otherwise, it relays the loss information upstream to other
intermediate nodes.
The hop number between cache point & loss point can be referred
to as retransmission distance . The retransmission distance is an
indication of retransmission efficiency in terms of energy consumed
in the process of retransmission.
Used to preferred if 100% packet reliability is required
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