FOTOSINTESIS

Fotosintesis

?
Bgmn Proses
Bahan dasar ?

Organisme
Ototrof

Energi ?

Sintesis makanan- nya

sendiri

Perangkat alat ?
Apa Produknya ?

Kemosintesis

Fotosintesis ?
Reaksi fotokimia
Bhn baku : CO2 & H2O
Dg energi surya
Sintesis gula
Pd jar fotosintetik
Konversi energi surya
Energi kimia

Fotosintesis bakteri belerang

Sumber energi : Foto
Sumber (donor)
hidrogen dan elektron
berupa H2S, bukan
H2O
Van Neil

H2S + CO2

CH2O + 2S

Perangkat fotosintesis

Percobaan JAN INGENHOUSZ

Gas O2 dilepaskan
Matahari dibutuhkan
Bagian yang berhijau
daun saja yang
melepaskan O2

Epidermis & lapisan

kutikula

Palisade
Bunga karang
Epidermis

Berkas
angkutan

Struktur daun

Chloroplast Structure
Where within this organelle is the
chlorophyll pigment located?
Chlorophyll pigment is embedded in the thylakoid
membrane

Jenis sinar efektif untuk fotosintesis

Ket. : E = energi foton; h = konstanta planck (6.62x 10-27 erg/dt)

h.c
E = hv =

----

c = kecepatan cahaya ( 3. 105 km / dt )

= panjang gelombang sinar ; v = frekuensi

Absorption Spectra
In the thylakoid, several pigments differ in their
absorption spectrum.
Chlorophyll a (dominant pigment) absorbs best in
the red and blue wavelengths, and least in the
green.
Other pigments
(chll b, carotenoids)
have different
absorption spectra and
can transfer energy to chll a

Prinsip Penyerapan Sinar

Sinar diserap Spektrum sinar tampak
Energi : Quanta / foton

Penyerapan sinar Hkm Stark Einstein

Bbrp molekul menyerap 1 foton
Foton menimbulkan eksitasi
Eksitasi hasilkan tk energi final utk transfer elektron
Lama keadaan pigmen tereksitasi = 1/10-9 dt
Sbgn energi eksitasi hilang sbg panas & fluoresens

Perangkat Fotosintesis Tbhn Tinggi

1. Daun

Jaringan Mesofil

sel mesofil

kloroplas

2. Kloroplas Grana & Stroma

Pd Grana : Penangkap energi surya Reaksi terang
1. Fotosistem (I & II)
2. Aseptor elektron
3. Perangkat Pendukung
a. Ligth Harvesting Complex
b. Penghubung PSII PS I

3. Sumber energi : Cahaya Mthr ; Sumber elektron : H2O

Perangkat fotosistem (FS)

FS II :
1. P680 (Pusat reaksi)
2. Klorofil a (dominan)
3. Klorofil-b (sedikit / tdk ada)
4. Feofitin
5. Quinon
LHC :ligth harvesting complex
Fungsi : Reaksi fotokimia
1. Foto-oksidasi air (fotolisis)
2. Reduksi plastoquinon
15 Polipeptida & 9 komp. redoks
(Klo, feo, plasto quinon, Mn,
Fe, Cyt-b559, Karoten)

FS I :
1. P700 (Pusat reaksi)
2. Klorofil a (dominan)
Klorofil b (sedikit)
3. Fe-S protein
4. Ferredoxin
LHC (Klo a, klo b, xantofil + sedikit
karoten)

Fungsi :
1. Oksidasi plastocyanin &
Cu-protein
2. Reduksi ferredoxin dan FeS protein.

Efek Penguatan Emerson

Struktur kloroplas

Pada Thylakoid membrane : Terjadi reaksi-reaksi cahaya

Pada matrik stroma : terjadi reaksi gelap

TAHAPAN FOTOSINTESIS

Reaksi Cahaya [Terang] :

1. Fotolisis air
2. Fotofosforilasi membentuk ATP (siklik & non siklik)
3. Reduksi NADP menjadi NADPH2 (non siklik)

Reaksi Gelap : [ Daur Calvin, RPP, PCR ]

1.
2.
3.
4.

Pengikatan CO2 (Fiksasi CO2) karboksilasi

Reduksi gula pentosa (5-C : RudP)
Regenerasi : pembentukan kembali senyawa antara
fotosintesis (gula pentosa)
Otokatalisis : Pembentukan gula (6-C) dari setiap 6 CO2
yang diikatnya.

Reaksi pada membran tilakoid

Gambaran umum fotosintesis di kloroplas

Reaksi cahaya

Reaksi gelap

Light Reactions
Non-cyclic Electron Flow
Cyclic Electron Flow

Steps to Non-cyclic Electron Flow

1. P680 absorbs light
2. Light excites 2e- and
passes e- to primary
electron acceptor
3. Water is split into
O2 oxygen gas
H+ to thylakoid space
2e- resupplies P680

Steps to Non-cyclic Electron Flow

4. e- pass through
ETC, where they
fall in E
5. E from e- is
captured to
produce ~ 1.5 ATPs
through
chemiosmotic
phosphorylation

Steps to Non-cyclic Electron Flow

6. e- from P680
replenish e- in P700
7. e- in P700 are
excited again by
light and passed to
a primary electron
acceptor

Steps to Non-cyclic Electron Flow

8. e- cascades
down short ETC,
where ecombine with
and reduce
NADP+ and H+
to form NADPH
(E rich
molecule)

Non-Cyclic Electron Flow

ATP and
NADPH
created in
the Light
Reactions
are used
in the
Calvin
Cycle

Cyclic Electron Flow

Calvin Cycle uses up more ATP than NADPH
so cyclic electron flow helps to generate more
ATPs
Short circuit e- fall back from P700 primary
electron acceptor to the 1st ETC to generate
more ATPs via chemiosmotic phosphorylation

Tipe-tipe Fotosintesis
Berdasar produk paling awal dari fiksasi CO2 udara :
Tipe C-3
Tipe C-4
Tipe CAM : terjadi pada tumbuhan gurun,
Karakter gurun :
1) Siang sangat terik, malam sangat dingin
2) Lingkungan (Udara & tanah) sgt kering

Adaptasi :
1) Struktural : Stomata tersembunyi (kriptofor, sunken), Sukulen
2) Fisiologis :
= Stomata membuka pada malam hari

= Fiksasi CO2 pada malam hari, dibentuk asam malat

dan ditimbun di vakuola
= Fotosintesis tipe CAM, proses di malam & di siang hari

Struktur Anatomi Daun Jagung (C4)

Fotosintesis Tipe C4

Tahapan fotosintesis C4

PEP-Case

dehidroge
nase

Fotosintesis CAM

PEP-Case

Perangkat Fotosintesis C-3 & C-4

No

Hal

Tbhn C3

Tbhn C4

Daur Calvin

Ada, di stroma
kloroplas mesofil

Ada, di stroma sel

seludang berkas

Penerima CO2 udara

Ru-dP

PEP

Enzim pengikat CO2 udara

RubisCo

PEP-karboksilase

Produk awal fiksasi CO2

As. Fosfo-gliserat
[ PGA ]

As. Oksaloasetat
[ OAA ]

Daya ikat karboksilase thdp Sedang

CO2

Kuat

Tempat fotosintesis

Mesofil saja

Mesofil & seludang

berkas

Kloroplas

Satu jenis

2 Jenis

Penghambatan oleh O2
( Fotorespirasi )

Besar

Kecil

Jenis bakteri ttt

Fotosintesis

Prokariot

Cyanobakter
(bluegreen algae)

Foto-ototrof

Algae bersel 1
Eukariot
Organisme

Algae
makroskopis
Tumbhn Tinggi

Ototrof
1. Pseudomonas
2. Thiobacillus fero-0xidans
Khemo-ototrof

Bakteri ttt

3. Thiobacillus thio-oxidans

4. Nitrosomonas
5. Nitrobacter
Kemosintesis

Contoh kemosintesis

Pseudomonas : 6H2 + 2O2 + CO2

5 H2O + CH2O (materi sel)

Thiobacillus : FeCO3 + O2 + 6H2O

fero-oxidans
Thiobacillus
: H2S2O3 + O2
thio-oxidans

Fe(OH)3 + 4 CO2 + Materi sel

Nitrosomonas : 2NH3 + 3O2

Nitrobacter
: 2HNO2 + O2

2H2SO4 + Materi sel

2HNO2 + 2 H2O + Materi sel

2 HNO3 + Materi sel

Kemosintesis : Sintesis materi sel (bahan organik) dengan energi dari hasil
oksidasi zat-zat anorganik

Light-independent reactions
(Dark Reactions)

The Calvin/Benson/C3 cycle

1.
2.
3.

Has 3 phases:
carbon fixation phase (FIKSASI KARBON)
reduction of CO2 phase (REDUKSI CO2)
regeneration of RuBP phase (REGENERASI
RuBP)

carbon fixation phase

 each CO2 molecule is attached to a five-carbon

sugar, ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase or rubisco
six-carbon intermediate splits in half to form
two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate

reduction of CO2
phase

 each 3-phosphoglycerate receives another

phosphate group from ATP to form 1,3
bisphosphoglycerate.
pair of electrons from NADPH reduces,Gain,
each 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to G3P.
Electrons from NADPH change a carboxyl
group to a carbonyl group.

regeneration of RuBP phase

 regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP),

these five G3P molecules are rearranged to
form 3 RuBP molecules.
cycle must spend 3 more molecules of ATP
(one per RuBP) to complete the cycle and
prepare for the next.

Hatch & Slack/C4 cycle

Inefficient as RUBISCO can act as both a carboxylase
and as an oxygenase.
Oxygenase activity leads to loss of carbon that has
already been fixed.
Some plants have an alternative pathway where CO2
is first fixed into C4 organic acids (C4 pathway) and
then liberated later to undergo the Calvin/Benson
cycle (C3 metabolism).

 2 types of C4 cycle:
1. C3 and C4 metabolism are separated in space
(different cells) e.g. sugar cane
Characteristic aggregation of cells around the
vascular bundles - Krantz morphology (C4 cycle)
2. C3 and C4 metabolism are separated in time (same
cell=mesophyl) e.g. pineapple (CAM cycle).

Comparison of C3 & C4 leaves

C3 - note the lack of
chloroplasts in the
bundle sheath

C4 - note the extensive

chloroplasts in the bundle
sheath

CO2

OAA (4C)

PEP (3C)

ADP
ATP

Separation
in space (C4 cycle)
Mesophyll cell
surrounding
bundle sheath

Pyruvate (C3)

Malat

CO2
C3
sugar

Vascular tissue

Bundle sheath cell

CO2

PEP (3C)

OAA (4C)

Separation
in time (CAM cycle)
In the dark

ADP
ATP
Pyruvate (C3)

Malat

CO2
C3
sugar

Mesophyl

In the light

Comparison of C3 & C4 leaves

Details of C4 cycle