Impact of WorldWar I

Crisis and Conflict
An Enquiry Approach to Modern World History
Secondary 3
Chapter 1: Impact of
World War I
Did World War I change the

world?
What was the world like

before World War I?
1.
2.
The world before 1914.

What caused the war.
Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

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What was the world like

after World War I?
1.
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Effects of the war on the

world.
I
r
a
W
World
In a Nutshell
When did it happen?
19141918
Where did it happen?
Europe, Africa and the Middle East
Who fought in the war?
1) Allied Powers
(Leading member: Britain)
2) Central Powers
(Leading member: Germany)
Who won?
The Allied Powers
How many died?
Soldiers: 8 million
Civilians or people who were not
soldiers: 6 million

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Allied Powers
Britain
France
Serbia
Russia
Italy (joined after May 1915)

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Central Powers
vs
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Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Turkey
Alliances
among the
great
powers
Powerful
countries
Competition
for colonies
What was
the world
like before
World War I?
Assassinatio
n of Archduke
of AustriaHungary
Arms and
naval race

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Strong
feelings of
nationalism
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Powerful countries
Britain
France
Russia
Largest colonial empire in the world.
Lost resource-rich Alsace-Lorraine.
Most powerful navy.

Defeated by Germans in 1871 FrancoPrussian War.
Looked for ways to recover it.

Largest empire in Europe.
Largest army.

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Powerful countries
AustriaHungary
Germany
Ottoman
Turkey
Large, unstable and divided empire.

Different ethnic groups often attempted to
break away to form own nation-states.
Economy grew rapidly after 1871
reunification.
Army best-trained and equipped in Europe.
Kaiser Wilhelm IIs ambition.
Empire stretched from Europe to the
Middle East and Asia.
Central government too weak to control all
parts of its empire.

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Britain:
Britain:
Largest
Largestcolonial
colonial
empire
in
empire inthe
theworld.
world.
Most
Mostpowerful
powerfulnavy.
navy.
Germany:
Germany:
Rapid
Rapidgrowth
growthinineconomy
economyand
and
power
after
1871
power after 1871
reunification.
reunification.
Best-trained
Best-trainedand
andequipped
equipped
army
in
Europe.
army in Europe.
Huge
Hugeterritorial
territorialambition.
ambition.
Russia:
Russia:
Largest
Largestempire
empireininEurope.
Europe.
Largest
Largestarmy.
army.
Less
Lessadvanced
advanced
industrialisation.
industrialisation.
France:
France:
Resource-rich
Resource-richAlsaceAlsaceLorraine
was
annexed
Lorraine was annexed
by
byGermany
Germanyininthe
the
1871
Franco-Prussian
1871 Franco-Prussian
War.
War.
Looked
Lookedfor
forways
ways
totorecover
it.
recover it.
The
TheOttoman
OttomanEmpire
Empire
(Ottoman
Turkey):
(Ottoman Turkey):
Empire
Empirestretched
stretchedfrom
fromEurope
Europe
totothe
Middle
East
and
Asia.
the Middle East and Asia.
Austria-Hungary:
Austria-Hungary:
Large,
Large,unstable
unstableand
anddivided
divided
empire.
empire.
Different
Differentethnic
ethnicgroups
groupsoften
often
attempted
to
break
away
attempted to break awaytoto
form
formtheir
theirown
ownnation-states.
nation-states.
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Central
Centralgovernment
governmenttoo
tooweak
weak
totocontrol
all
parts
of
its
control all parts of its
empire.
empire.
Back
Competition for colonies

Acquire colonies to:
further national security.
enhance national prestige.
obtain raw materials.
gain access to markets for manufactured

goods.

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10
Competition for colonies
Back

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Britain and
France already
in control of
most of Africa
and Asia.
Very little left for

Germany.
Competition for
colonies.
11
Arms and naval race

Germany
Germanys ambition to expand army and navy to

rival its enemies.
Powerful military as bargaining voice, bragging
rights and fulcrum to expansionist policy?
AustriaHungary
Kaiser Wilhelm II in an interview published in the British newspaper The

Daily Telegraph in November 1908
Germany is a young and growing empire. She takes part in trade that is rapidly
expanding. Germany must have a powerful fleet to protect that trade. She must
be able to fight for her interests in any part of the world. Only those powers that
have great navies will be listened to with respect.
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12
Britain
Arms and naval race
Britain, France and Russia felt the threat
posed by an ambitious Germany.

Also increased army and navy to maintain
balance of military power.
The race is on!
Russia

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France
13
Arms and naval race

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14
Arms and naval race
Back

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15
Alliances among the

great powers
1882
1907
(Triple Alliance Agreement)
(Triple Entente Agreement)
Austria-Hungary,
Germany and Italy allied
to form the Central
Powers.
Britain, France and

Russia allied to become
the Allied Powers.
The Balance of Power:

The great powers thought that forming alliances could deter
countries from starting a war. This was because such a war would
not be easy to win as it would quickly escalate as more countries
joined the fight via the alliances.
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16
Alliances among the

great powers
Instead, these alliances meant that a war between two countries
would soon involve their allies and become a bigger conflict.
Played an important part in causing World War I.

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17
Alliances among the

great powers
Because of the Triple Entente, Germany hatched

the Schlieffen Plan.
Plan would prevent Germany from having to fight
the Allied Powers on two fronts in the event of
war:
France and Britain in the west.

Russia to the east.
Pivotal action of the Plan was to defeat France

with lightning attack through neutral Belgium
and take out the Western front.

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Germany risked having to fight the

Allied Powers on both the Eastern front
and the Western front.
The Schlieffen Plan called for

surprise occupation of neutral
Belgium and lightning attack and
defeat of France through Belgium.
Back

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19
Strong feelings of
nationalism
Many Slavs lived in the Balkans, in nation-
states like Bosnia and Serbia.

Serbian nationalism inspired plans for
creation of larger Serbian state (Serbia
and Bosnia).
Austria-Hungary threatened by prospect of
larger Serbian state south of its border.

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Serbian nationalism to
the south of AustriaHungarys border created
a threat for AustriaHungary.

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21
Strong feelings of nationalism

1908
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia.

Many Slavs decided to set up secret
societies goal was to force AustriaHungary out of Bosnia.
Russians were also Slavs protective
towards fellow Slavs in the Balkans.
Opposed to Austria-Hungarys attempts to
prevent spread of Serbian nationalism.
Back

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22
Assassination of Archduke of
Austria-Hungary
28 June 1914
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir apparent to the throne of
Austria-Hungary, was shot in Bosnia.
Killer was member of Black Hand, a
secret society based in Serbia.
The perfect excuse for Austria-Hungary to
remove Serbian threat once and for all.
accused Serbia of planning the murder.
Back

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23
Events which led to start of

World War I
28 June 1914:
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand was
shot in Sarajevo,
Bosnia.
23 July 1914:
3 August 1914:
As Belgium was
under British
protection,
Britain sent
ultimatum to
Germany to
withdraw from
Belgium.
3 August 1914:
Germany declared
war on France.
Schlieffen Plan set
in motion, Germans
entered neutral
Belgium.
Germany offered to
back Austria-Hungary
against Serbia.
Austria-Hungary
demanded that Serbia
hand over leaders of
the Black Hand by 25
July.

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26 July 1914:
Russia joined
the fray by
supporting
Serbia.
1 August 1914:
Germany
declared war on
Russia; France
mobilised its
troops to support
Russia.
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28 July 1914:
Leaders of Black
Hand not handed
over. Austria-Hungary
declared war on
Serbia.
31 July 1914:
Russia mobilised its
army in support of
Serbia. Germany
feared an imminent
Russian invasion.
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Events which led to start of

World War I
4 August 1914:
Britain declared war on Germany as
German troops had not withdrawn.
World War I began!

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25
Critical Thinking
Alliances among the
great powers?
Powerful countries?
Competition for
colonies?
What really
caused World
War I?
Assassination of
Archduke of
Austria-Hungary?
Arms and naval

race?
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Strong feelings of
nationalism?
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26
What really caused World War

I?
Which view do you agree with?

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27

I?

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28

I?

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29
The Course of the War
Schlieffen Plan did not materialise as planned for the

Germans.
By the end of
1914, both
sides stuck in a
stalemate of
bloody trench
warfare.
Little land
gained but
heavy
casualties.

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It was very difficult to penetrate the formidable

defence formed by a line of trenches. Hundreds of
thousands of deaths were suffered in bloody
trench warfare.
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The Germans intended lightning attack of France did not succeed. Instead their advances were
slowed drastically by stiff Allied resistance.
Long lines of trenches dug from Belgium to the Swiss border ensured both sides got stuck in a
fruitless yet bloody trench warfare
a stalemate.
In 1914, the Germans failed to even

reach Paris. The Schlieffen Plan had
collapsed. They were drawn into a
two-front war.
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30
31

November 1914:
The Ottoman Empire
entered the war on
Germanys side.
May 1915:
Italy joined the war
on the side of the
Allied Powers. In
return, Italy was
promised territory
which it hoped to
gain from AustriaHungary.
April 1917:
The USA declared
war against
Germany due to
outrage over loss of
innocent American
lives when German
submarines sank the
Lusitania.

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March 1918:
Russia signed the
Treaty of BrestLitovsk with
Germany and exited
the war because it
had suffered very
heavy casualties on
the Eastern front.
Ceded land and
resources to
Germany. End of war
on the Eastern front.
32

March 1918:
With the end of the
war on the Eastern
front, Germany
redeployed its troops
there to the Western
front and launched a
massive offensive
there.
June 1918:
Large numbers of
fresh USA troops
started arriving on
the war front.
July 1918:
Germany could not
sustain its offensive
on the Western front
as its resources
were depleted due
to the two-front war
between 1914 and
1918.
August 1918:
Allied forces counterattacked.

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October 1918:
The Germans were
forced to retreat.
Turkey and AustriaHungary pulled out
of the war, leaving
Germany as the lone
Central Power in the
war. Germany was
fighting a losing
battle.
33

November 1918:
The Kaiser was

overthrown in a revolt.
Germany became a republic.
Its new leaders asked for an armistice
and was granted that on 11 November
1918.
World War I was over.
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34
Millions of
dead,
wounded or
homeless
people
Four
empires
broke up
Selfdetermination
became
popular
Changes to
society
What was
the world
like after
World War I?
New nationstates were
set up

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World
economy
damaged
New
boundaries
created
problems
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Millions of dead, wounded or

homeless people
Nearly 8 million soldiers killed.
Millions of young men wounded and
permanently disabled by gas or exploding

shells.
Many others suffered from
trauma.
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post-war
36

homeless people

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37

homeless people
Millions of displaced refugees who had
lost almost everything.

Poor living conditions, lack of food and
spread of disease.
Many more killed due to diseases.
Back

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38
Four empires broke up

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman
Empire and Russia broke up into smaller

countries.
Many ethnic groups set up their own nations.
Former colonies of German and Ottoman
Empires administered by Allied Powers

until they were ready for self-government.
Back

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39
Self-determination became
popular
Self-determination and self-government
championed as a principle of peace.

Czechoslovaki
a
Hungary
Self-determination
Self-determination
Austro-Hungarian
Empire
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Back
New nation-states were set

up
Many new
countries were
set up because
of nationalism.
Lithuania
Latvia
Yugoslavia
Estonia
Poland
Nationalism

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Hungary
40
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New boundaries created

problems
Although new nation-states were formed,
ethnic groups did not get to form nations

of ethnic uniformity.
Many ethnic minorities lived within the
borders of newly-created states.

These new borders caused ethnic tension.
Back

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42
World economy damaged
World trade disrupted.

Resources of great powers depleted.
Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed
no production.
Infrastructure destroyed lengthy restoration.
Massive unemployment.
Countries cash-strapped, saddled with huge
debts.
Back

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43
Changes to society
Divisions
in society were heightened.
The war brought to the fore differences

between two opposing camps of society
pacifists and militarists.
But other groups became

even more fiercely inclined
towards militarism. They
felt this was the best way to
protect their country against
invasion and annexation.
The horrors of war tilted

some groups more
towards pacifism.
pacifism

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44
Changes to society
Disillusionment
Segments of society lost faith in the existing

system of government.
Looked for alternative social ideologies.
Communism emerged.

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with existing system.
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45
Changes to society
Changes
to the position of women.
Many males in the families were killed in the

war.
Womens responsibilities increased.
Womens expectations about their role in
society also changed equal rights, equal
opportunities.

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Changes to society
Changes
to the position of workers.
Working class given right to vote in

recognition of its contributions to the war
expansion of electorate.
Increasing support for government welfare
programmes such as state-provided
healthcare and education.
Greater expectation for equality with middle
class and upper class.
Back

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47
Millions of
dead,
wounded or
homeless
people
Four
empires
broke up
Selfdetermination
became
popular
Changes to
society
What was
the world
like after
World War I?
New nationstates were
set up

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World
economy
damaged
New
boundaries
created
problems
What does this picture tell you about

the impact of World War I?
Homeless people:
There were numerous
displaced refugees who
had lost almost everything.

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48
49
Destroyed infrastructure:
A lengthy restoration was
required and the economy
was damaged.

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50
Changes to position of
women in society:
They expected equal
rights, equal
opportunities.

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51
Unemployment:
Many jobs were
displaced by the war.

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52
Summary
World War I
Major
countries
involved
Central
Powers
Impact
Causes
Political
Allied
Powers
Powerful countries.
Competition for colonies.
Arms and naval race.
Alliance system.
Strong nationalism.
Assassination of Archduke of
Austria-Hungary.

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Economic
Social
53
Summary
Major
countries
involved
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Turkey
Central
Powers
Britain
France
Serbia
Russia (until 1917)
Italy (from May 1915)
USA (fought as an
Associated Power from
1917)

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Allied
Powers
Back to main
summary
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54
Summary
Impact
Political
Old empires broke up.

Creation of new nations and
nation-states.
Ethnic tension due to new
borders.
Self-determination by
countries formerly ruled by
empires.
Economic
Social

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Farmland and industrial areas

destroyed no more production.
Infrastructure destroyed.
World trade disrupted.
Massive unemployment.
Countries saddled with huge debts.
Divisions in society heightened.

Emergence of Communism.
Changes to the position of
women and workers.
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Back to main
summary

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Crisis and Conflict

An Enquiry Approach to Modern World History

Did World War I change the

What was the world like

The world before 1914.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

What was the world like

Effects of the war on the

When did it happen?

Where did it happen?

Europe, Africa and the Middle East

Who fought in the war?

The Allied Powers

How many died?

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Largest colonial empire in the world.

Lost resource-rich Alsace-Lorraine.

Most powerful navy.

Looked for ways to recover it.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Large, unstable and divided empire.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Competition for colonies

further national security.

enhance national prestige.

obtain raw materials.

gain access to markets for manufactured

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Competition for colonies

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Very little left for

Arms and naval race

Germanys ambition to expand army and navy to

Kaiser Wilhelm II in an interview published in the British newspaper The

Arms and naval race

Britain, France and Russia felt the threat

posed by an ambitious Germany.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Arms and naval race

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Arms and naval race

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Alliances among the

(Triple Alliance Agreement)

(Triple Entente Agreement)

Britain, France and

The Balance of Power:

Alliances among the

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Alliances among the

Because of the Triple Entente, Germany hatched

France and Britain in the west.

Pivotal action of the Plan was to defeat France

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Germany risked having to fight the

The Schlieffen Plan called for

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Many Slavs lived in the Balkans, in nation-

states like Bosnia and Serbia.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Strong feelings of nationalism