BAB 1

Pengenalan Kepada Sains

1.1 Apakah itu Sains?

a) Sains ialah kajian secara sistematik berkenaan
alam semulajadi tentang bagaimana ianya memberi
kesan kepada kita dan juga persekitaran kita.
b) Contoh: Seekor berudu yang bertukar menjadi seekor
katak dewasa

Contoh: ais yang sedang mencair

Contoh: sebiji buah kelapa yang jatuh ke tanah

a) Semua ini boleh difahami melalui kajian sains.

Pengetahuan saintifik sentiasa berkembang.
Pengetahuan ini boleh diperolehi melalui pemerhatian
yang teliti, kajian yang mendalam dan juga melalui
penyelidikan secara saintifik.
b) Sains merupakan sebahagian daripada kehidupan
seharian kita. Makanan, pakaian serta peralatan
yang kita gunakan juga mempunyai dengan sains.
c) Sains juga banyak membantu kita dalam
menghasilkan lebih banyak makanan, bahan-bahan
baru serta peralatan-peralatan yang berguna bagi
kita.
d) Melalui kajian sains juga, banyak pengetahuan
serta penemuan baru diperolehi. Ini dapat
meningkatkan taraf hidup serta kualiti alam sekitar
kita

Bidang Berkaitan Sains

Biologi - Kajian mengenai benda-benda hidup.

Fizik - Kajian interaksi antara bahan dan

tenaga.
Kimia - Kajian mengenai komposisi dan
sifat-sifat bahan kimia serta tindak balas
mereka, dan penggunaannya.
Geologi Kajian mengenai batuan dan
mineral.

Astronomi Kajian mengenai bintang-bintang

dan planet-planet.

Meteorologi Kajian mengenai cuaca dan

iklim.

Pekerjaan Berkaitan Sains

Contoh:
1)Doktor
2)Jurutera
3)Jururawat
4)Ahli Sains
5)Guru Sains

1.2 Your Science Laboratory

Scientists work in laboratory, need

to
carry
out
scientific
investigations during science
lessons.

I) Laboratory safety rules

- Need to work safely in the lab.

Dos in the lab

Keep

the lab clean and

tidy.
Wash all apparatus after
use
Report any injury or
breakage to your teacher
immediately.

Donts in the lab

Do

not enter the lab

without your teachers
permission.
Do not play or run in the
lab.
Do not eat or drink in the
lab.
Do not taste any
chemical.

II) Hazardous substances found in the laboratory.

-We use hazard warning symbols to show the danger of the
substances.
-Hazard warning symbols can be found on the labels of some
bottles.
- Below are some common hazard warning symbols:
Poisonous
Eg: mercury, bromine and sodium cyanide
Causes death or harm if absorbed
through the skin, swallowed or inhaled.
Flammable
Eg: ethanol, petrol and kerosene
Burns easily.

Corrosive
Eg: concentrated sulphuric acid and
concentrated sodium hydroxide.
Causes damages to skin and eyes upon
contact.
Irritant
Eg: ammonia and chloroform
Causes discomfort to the body.
Radioactive
Eg: plutonium and uranium
Gives out radiation
Explosive
Eg: sodium and potassium.
Explodes easily.

III) Laboratory apparatus

-We use apparatus when doing scientific investigations.
-Here are some common apparatus:
Test Tube
- To contain small amount of
chemicals and for carrying out
reactions.
Beaker
- To contain chemicals and for
carrying out reactions.
Conical flask
- To contain chemicals and for
carrying out reactions.

Retort stand
- To hold or clamp apparatus.

Measuring cyclinder
- To measure the volume of liquids.
Filter funnel
- Used together with a folded filter
paper to separate solids from liquids.
Burette
- To measure a small volume of a
liquid accurately.
Pipette
- To measure a fixed volume of a
liquid.

Test tube rack

- To place test tubes while we are
not using them.
Test tube holder
- To hold a test tube while heating.

The Bunsen burner

We use Bunsen burner to heat things.
Bunsen burner give 2 types of flames, depending on the airhole is open or closed.

Luminous flame
(yellow flame)

We

get a yellow flame

when the air-hole is closed.
The flame is easy to see
because it is luminous.
The flame gives out a lot of
soot.
The flame is not so hot
compared to a blue flame.
It is not suitable for
heating.

Non- luminous flame

(blue flame)

We

get a blue flame

when the air-hole is
open.
The flame is difficult to
see because it is nonluminous.
The flame does not
give out soot.
The flame is very hot.
It is suitable for
heating.

1.3 Steps in a Scientific Investigation

1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units

1. Physical quantities are quantities which can be
measured.
2. The table below gives the physical quantities, their
S.I. Units ( International System of Units) and the
unit symbols.
Physical
Quantities

SI Unit

Unit symbol

Length

Metre

Time

Second

Mass

Kilogram

kg

Temperature

Kelvin

Electric current

Ampere

3. Prefixes are used with metric units. Each

prefix has its own symbol and value.
4. Study the prefixes in the table below:
Prefix

Symbol

Numerical
value

Giga

1 000 000
000

Mega

1 000 000

Kilo

1 000

Deci

0.1

Centi

0.01

Mili

0.001

Micro

0.000 001

1.5 Mass and Weight

1. The weight of an object can be obtained by
weighing it.
2. We use spring balance or compression
balance to get the weight of an object.

a) Spring balance

b) Compression balance

Two types of balances for measuring weight

3. The weight of an object is the pull of the

force of gravity on that object.
4. The mass of an object is the quantity of
matter in the object.
5. The mass of an object can be determined
by using beam balance or lever balance.

a) Beam balance

b) Lever balance

Two types of balances for measuring mass.

6. The table shows the differences between

mass and weight.
Mass

Weight

1.6 Measuring Tools

1. We need to use suitable measuring tools to

measure the length.
Physical Quantity

Measuring tool

Straight line less than 1m Metre rule, half metre

rule or ruler
Straight line more than
1m

Measuring tape

Curve line

Thread and a ruler

External diameter

External calipers and a

ruler

Internal diameter

Internal calipers and a

ruler

B is the correct eye position to

read the scale on a metre rule.

1.7 The importance of Standard Units in Everyday Life