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OLAP Operations and Data Cubes Explained

This document discusses online analytical processing (OLAP) operations in R. It describes how data is organized in a multidimensional data cube model with dimensions and measures. Common OLAP operations like roll-up, drill-down, slice, dice, and pivot are explained. Roll-up performs aggregation by climbing dimension hierarchies or reducing dimensions. Drill-down is the reverse of roll-up. Slice selects one dimension to create a subcube, while dice selects two or more dimensions. Pivot rotates the data axes to provide an alternative data presentation.

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561 views18 pages

OLAP Operations and Data Cubes Explained

This document discusses online analytical processing (OLAP) operations in R. It describes how data is organized in a multidimensional data cube model with dimensions and measures. Common OLAP operations like roll-up, drill-down, slice, dice, and pivot are explained. Roll-up performs aggregation by climbing dimension hierarchies or reducing dimensions. Drill-down is the reverse of roll-up. Slice selects one dimension to create a subcube, while dice selects two or more dimensions. Pivot rotates the data axes to provide an alternative data presentation.

Uploaded by

Mcnyl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data Mining:

Concepts and
Techniques
OLAP operations in R

From Tables and Spreadsheets to


Data Cubes

A data warehouse is based on a multidimensional data


model which views data in the form of a data cube

A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be modeled and


viewed in multiple dimensions

Dimension tables, such as item (item_name, brand,


type), or time(day, week, month, quarter, year)

Fact table contains measures (such as dollars_sold)


and keys to each of the related dimension tables

In data warehousing literature, an n-D base cube is called a


base cuboid. The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the
highest-level of summarization, is called the apex cuboid.
The lattice of cuboids forms a data cube.
2

Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids


all
time

0-D (apex) cuboid

item

time,location
time,item

location

supplier

item,location

time,supplier

location,supplier

item,supplier

time,location,supplier

time,item,location

time,item,supplier

1-D cuboids

2-D cuboids
3-D cuboids

item,location,supplier

4-D (base) cuboid


time, item, location, supplier
3

Example of Star Schema


time

item

time_key
day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year

Sales Fact Table


time_key
item_key
branch_key

branch
branch_key
branch_name
branch_type

location_key
units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales

item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_type

location
location_key
street
city
state_or_province
country

Measures
4

A Sample Data Cube

Cuboids Corresponding to the Cube


all
0-D (apex) cuboid
product
product,date

date

country

product,country

1-D cuboids
date, country

2-D cuboids

product, date, country

3-D (base) cuboid

OLAP Operations
Here are some common operations of OLAP

Rollup
Drilldown
Slice
Dice
Pivot

Roll-up
This operation performs aggregation on a data cube in any of the following way:
By climbing up a concept hierarchy for a dimension
By dimension reduction.

Drill-down
Drill down operation is reverse of the roll-up. This operation is performed by either of the
following way:
By stepping down a concept hierarchy for a dimension.
By introducing new dimension

Slice
The slice operation performs selection of one dimension on a given cube and give us a new
sub cube. Consider the following diagram showing the slice operation

10

Dice
The Dice operation performs selection of two or more dimension on a given cube and give us a
new subcube. Consider the following diagram showing the dice operation

11

Pivot
The pivot operation is also known as rotation.It rotates the data axes in view in order to
provide an alternative presentation of data.Consider the following diagram showing the pivot
operation.

12

13

14

Slice
The slice operation performs selection of one dimension on a given cube and give us a new
sub cube. Consider the following diagram showing the slice operation

15

Slice Operation

16

Dice
The Dice operation performs selection of two or more dimension on a given cube and give us a
new subcube. Consider the following diagram showing the dice operation

17

Drill-down
Drill down operation is reverse of the roll-up. This operation is performed by either of the
following way:
By stepping down a concept hierarchy for a dimension.
By introducing new dimension

18

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