Biometrics

Viktor MINKIN
minkin@elsys.ru

Outline
Outline
Introduction
Biometric systems
Biometric characteristics
Fingerprints
Unimodal systems
Multi-modal systems
Problems
Links
History and future

Introduction
Biometrics [harmonized]
Automated recognition of persons based on
their biological or/and behavioral characteristics.
Automated measurement of biological or/and
behavioral characteristics of person for medical,
security or psychological purposes.

Introduction
Terms and definitions
Template
Capture
Comparison
Database
Enrollment
Matching
Token
User

Introduction
Identification of a person
Verification/Verify
Comparing one to one
Am I who I claim I am

Identification
Comparing one to many
Who am I

Introduction
Application

Passport control
Access to secured areas
Surveillance
ATMs
Computer logins
E-commerce
Medicine
Psychology

Introduction
Traditional means of automatic identification
(before biometrics)
Knowledge-based
Use something that you know
Examples: password, PIN

Token-based
Use something that you have
Examples: credit card, smart card, keys

Introduction
Problems with traditional approaches
Token may be lost, stolen or forgotten
PIN may be forgotten or guessed by the imposters
(25% of people seem to write their PIN on their ATM
card)

Estimates of annual identity fraud damages

per year:

$1 billion in welfare disbursements

$1 billion in credit card transactions
$1 billion in fraudulent cellular phone use
$3 billion in ATM withdrawals

Introduction

The traditional approaches are unable to differentiate

between an authorized person and an imposter

Use biometrics which relies on who you are or

what you do

Biometric Systems
Requirements for an ideal biometric
Universality
Each person should have the characteristic

Uniqueness
No two persons should be the same in terms of the
characteristic

Permanence
The characteristic should not change

Biometric Systems
Issues in a real biometric system
Performance
Identification accuracy, speed, robustness, resource
requirements

Acceptability
Extend to which people are willing to accept a particular
biometric identifier

Faked protection
How easy is it to fool the system by fraudulent methods

Biometric Systems

Identification accuracy

FAR = false acceptance rate

FRR = false rejection rate
EER = equal error rate
TER = total error rate = FAR + FRR
FER= false enrollment rate

Biometric Systems

False Acceptance Rate

Receiver operating characteristics (ROC)

Equal Error Rate

False Rejection Rate

Biometric Systems
FAR/FRR and comparison threshold

Biometric Characteristics
Static (biological) parameters
Fingerprints
Face
Iris
Hand geometry / vein
Retinal pattern
Facial thermogram
Lip information
DNA

Biometric Characteristics
Dynamic (behavior) biometric parameters
Signature
Voice
Motion
Pulse

Biometric Characteristics
Market Shares

Biometric Characteristics
Market development

Fingerprints

Accurate
Comparatively cheap hardware
Questionable acceptance

Fingerprints
Optical technology

Light
source

Finger

Prism

Lens

Video Camera (CCD)

Light reflects from the surface of the prism where the finger is
not in contact with it, while it penetrates the surface of the prism
where the finger touches the surface of the prism. The resulting
image goes through a lens into a video camera.

Fingerprints
Capacity technology

Fingerprints
Fiber optic technology

Fingerprints
Fingerprint types

Arches

Loops

Whorl

Minutia types

Bridge

Dot

Ridge

Ending

Bifurcation

Enclosure

Fingerprints
Core & Deltas

Fingerprints
Fingerprint minutiae

Fingerprints
Image transformation

Source

FFT

Flow field

Directional
image 1

Directional
image 2

Directional
irregularity

Code
Smoothing

Binarization

Skeleton

Skeleton

Minutiae

formation

cleaning

search

Fingerprints
Comparative testing

Fingerprints
Fingerprint information

Unimodal Systems
Facial ID
Illumination

Head pose

Occlusion

Unimodal Systems
Hand Vein

Hand geometry

Questionable accuracy

Unimodal Systems
Retinal Pattern

Highest accuracy
Even more intrusive than iris recognition

Unimodal Systems
Facial Thermo image and VibraImage

Non-intrusive
View-dependent
Depends heavily on
human factors,
body temperature

Lie detection
Emotion control
Criminals detector
Medical monitoring
Psychology testing

Multi-modal Systems
Why multimodal [multiple]
person identification?
Quest for non-intrusive identification methods
No special purpose hardware needed
Works potentially at greater distances

Traditional arguments for going multimodal:

Increasing performance
Increasing robustness

Mono-modal recognition techniques are likely to

reach in a close future a saturation in
performance.

Multi-modal Systems: Fusion

Early integration or sensor fusion
Integration is performed on the feature level
Classification is done on the combined feature vector
Features
Modality 1
Features
Modality 2
Features
Modality n-1
Features
Modality n

Classifier

Identity

Multi-modal Systems
3

-Elsys includes

BiCard, VibraImage, BioFinger

3D-Elsys is biological and behavioral identification system

Multi-modal Systems
The World population in 2000 was about
6.000 M. people.
The biometric document (ID card) market is
more than $6.000.000.000
There are 3 different ID card technologies:
1. Card with additional memory (chip, CD,..)
2. Card with 2d-bar code
3. BiCard (3D-Elsys)

Problems

Errors rate
Misunderstanding of real
advantages and problems
Incomplete true about biometric
systems

Links
International Biometric Group
- http://www.biometricgroup.com
NIST
- http://www.itl.nist.gov/div893/biometrics/
Literature
http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.03/pubs.html#fing
Patents
- http://www.elsys.ru/patents.php

Biometrics evolution

19 century- not automated identification

20 century- biometric identification
21 century- emotion recognition and detection

Viktor Minkin

Biometrics
minkin@elsys.ru
Thank you!
2004