Crash Course In Everything

English

The Exam
Two exams:
Paper 1 = 2hr 15
Paper 2 = 1hr 30

Paper 1:
Answer all the questions
Extract based requires you to analyse both a seen and
unseen passage
Descriptive writing component
Argument component

Paper 2:
One passage based question and one other question of
your choice
Analysis is key

Grammar and language

Study of how Authors use grammar and
structure to convey themes and how we
can analyse this
Use of grammar to truncate sentences
and to build suspense
Use of Enjambment/caesura in poetry

Custody of the Pumpkin; P.G.

Wodehouse:
'Oh, yes. Oh, yes, yes-yes. Oh, rather. It's dashed important. Yes - not to
put too fine a point upon it - most dashed important. I say, guv'nor, are
you in fair good form to stand a bit of a shock?'
A ghastly thought rushed into Lord Emsworth's mind. Freddie's
mysterious arrival -his strange manner - his odd hesitation and
uneasiness - could it mean" -? He clutched the young man's arm
feverishly.
'Frederick! Speak! Tell me! Have the cats got at it?'

A Red Red Rose by Robert Burns

O my Luve is like a red, red rose
Thats newly sprung in June;
O my Luve is like the melody
Thats sweetly played in tune.
So fair art thou, my bonnie lass,
So deep in luve am I;
And I will luve thee still, my dear,
Till a the seas gang dry.
Till a the seas gang dry, my dear,
And the rocks melt wi the sun;
I will love thee still, my dear,
While the sands o life shall run.
And fare thee weel, my only luve!
And fare thee weel awhile!
And I will come again, my luve,
though it were ten thousand mile.

Petrachs Canzoneire
Love, Nature, and the lovely humble soul,
This phoenix with golden plumage
If Virgil and Homer had seen that sun
Sighing before the famous tomb
Kindly Sun, that only branch I love,
My ship, full of oblivion, sails
A pure white hind appeared to me
Just as eternal life is seeing God,
Let us stop, Love, to see our glory,
I feed my mind on such noble food,

Metaphors, Similes and Analogies

Simile Comparison of two things/situations to one another
for dramatic effect e.g. brave as a lion direct comparison
often involving indicator words for example as or like.
An Analogy is a direct comparison of two situations which
are similar to one another usually used more in arguments.
Unlike a simile where the two situations are not often alike
an analogy would draw implicit parallels between the two
Metaphor: this is the hardest one a metaphor is not a
simile or analogy as instead of having a comparison a
situation is described figuratively through its replacement
by another. This is equally not to be confused with
symbolism which involves the implications of an objects
figurative connotations.

Wife of Baths Prologue by

Chaucer

And listen what a sharp word, too, was said

Beside a well by Jesus, God and man,
In a reproof of the Samaritan:
'Now you have had five husbands,' Jesus said,
'But he who has you now, I say instead,
Is not your husband.' That he said, no doubt,
But what he meant I haven't figured out;
For I must ask, why is it the fifth man
Wasn't husband to the Samaritan?
How many men was she allowed to wed?
In all my years I've never heard it said

Wife of Baths
Prologue By
Chaucer
If she looks foul, then you declare that she
Will lust for every fellow she may see,
Leap on him like a spaniel in a trice
Until she finds the man who'll pay her price.

Wife of Baths
Prologue By
Chaucer
You say that men can't keep a castle wall
That's swarmed upon as long, that it will fall.
For they'd have killed me had the beans been spilt.
Who comes first to the mill is first to grind;

So Well Go No More
A-Roving; Lord
Byron
So, we'll go no more a-roving
So late into the night,
Though the heart be still as loving,
And the moon be still as bright.

For the sword outwears its sheath,

And the soul wears out the breast,
And the heart must pause to breathe,
And love itself have rest.
Though the night was made for loving,
And the day returns too soon,
Yet we'll go no more a-roving

The Flower Fed Buffaloes

The flower-fed buffaloes of the spring In the days of long ago,
Ranged where the locomotives sing
And the prairie flowers lie low:
The tossing, blooming, perfumed grass
Is swept away by the wheat,
Wheels and wheels and wheels spin by
In the spring that still is sweet.
But the flower-fed buffaloes of the spring
Left us, long ago.
They gore no more, they bellow no more,
They trundle around the hills no more:
With the Blackfeet, lying low,
With the Pawnees, lying low,
Lying low.

Conditional and Imperative

Language
Conditional Language is used both in argument and
creative writing implies something as a hypothetical
it is not evidently the case
Imperative Language is used to state facts. Within
arguments it is essential in highlighting the strength
of an argument or point whereas in Creative writing it
is most often used in the formation of a power
dynamic
Conditional Language: should, suppose, might, would,
could, may etc
Imperative: Will, Must, Do, Shall etc

The Custody of the Pumpkin

'You'll excuse us, Angus,' said Mr Donaldson. 'High time you and I had a little chat,
Lord Emsworth.'
Lord Emsworth was about to speak, when he caught the other's eye; It was a
strong, keen, level grey eye, with a curious forcefulness about it that made him feel
strangely inferior. There is every reason to suppose that Mr Donaldson had subscribed
for years to those personality courses advertised in the magazines which guarantee to
impart to the pupil who takes ten correspondence lessons the ability to look the boss in
the eye and make him wilt. Mr Donaldson Looked Lord Emsworth in the eye, and Lord
Emsworth wilted.
'How do you do?' he said weakly.
'Now listen, Lord Emsworth,'

Arguments; A. F.O.R.E.S.T.
Anecdotes
Facts
Opinions
Repetition
Emotive language
Statistics
Triplets - Argue/Persuade/Advise
Rhetorical Questions
Analogies

Arguments; Ingredients
A number of views and opinions, both for and against a
subject.
Well structured points progressing in a logical order.
A convincing and logical approach.
Language appropriate to the audience (i.e. are you
writing to a politician or to a group of teenagers?).
Use of counter argument (you could state that...
However this is clearly not the case because...).
Tone appropriate for your audience.
Evidence (this can be made up to support your views).

Arguments; Connectives
Firstly
Secondly
Nevertheless
Moreover
In addition
In conclusion
Furthermore
Ultimately

Arguments; Structure:
Your best results will probably be a four
against four structure.
1st section: Demonstrate your line of
argument and argue your main points.
2nd section: Show that there is at least some
counter-argument the more controversial a
topic, the greater the strength of these
arguments will be.
3rd section: Rebuff the counter argument.

Sojourner Truth; Aint I A Woman

Well, children, where there is so much racket there must be something out of kilter. I think that 'twixt the negroes of the South
and the women at the North, all talking about rights, the white men will be in a fix pretty soon. But what's all this here talking
about?
That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place
everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?
Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a
woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a
woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief,
none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?
Then they talk about this thing in the head; what's this they call it? [member of audience whispers, "intellect"] That's it,
honey. What's that got to do with women's rights or negroes' rights? If my cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart,
wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?
Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where
did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him.
If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to
be able to turn it back , and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them.

Arguments; Classic Examples

"Whether we turn to the declarations of the past, or to the professions of the present,
the conduct of the nation seems equally hideous and revolting. America is false to
the past, false to the present, and solemnly binds herself to be false to the future.
Frederick Douglas
"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and
slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but
as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
Patrick Henry

Poetry Technique; Type of Foot

(metre)
Iambic: Da, Dum (unstressed then stressed)
Trochaic: Dum, Da (Stressed then unstressed
Spondaic: Dum Dum (Stressed and then stressed again)
Anapestic: Da Da Dum (unstressed, unstressed, stressed
Dactylic: Dum Da Da (Stressed, unstressed, unstressed)
Amphibrachic: Da Dum Da (unstressed, stressed,
unstressed)
Pyrrhic: Da Da (unstressed, unstressed)

Poetry Technique;
Number of Feet
(metre)
Monometer: One foot

Dimeter: Two feet

Trimeter: Three feet
Tetrameter: Four Feet
Pentameter: Five Feet
Hexameter: Six Feet
Heptameter: Seven Feet
Octameter: eight feet

Tyger Tyger William Blake

Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand dare sieze the fire?
And what shoulder, & what art.
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand? & what dread feet?

What the hammer? what the chain?

In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?
When the stars threw down their spears,
And watered heaven with their tears,
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?
Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?

Holy Sonnet XIV; John Donne

Batter my heart, three-person'd God ; for you
As yet but knock ; breathe, shine, and seek to mend ;
That I may rise, and stand, o'erthrow me, and bend
Your force, to break, blow, burn, and make me new.
I, like an usurp'd town, to another due,
Labour to admit you, but O, to no end.
Reason, your viceroy in me, me should defend,
But is captived, and proves weak or untrue.
Yet dearly I love you, and would be loved fain,
But am betroth'd unto your enemy ;
Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again,
Take me to you, imprison me, for I,
Except you enthrall me, never shall be free,
Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me.

Poetry Techniques; Rhyme

Scheme
Petrarchan sonnet: "ABBA ABBA CDE CDE"
Petrachan sonnet (2nd Variation): "ABBA ABBA
CDC DCD
Shakespearean sonnet: "ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
Alternate rhyme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGH...
Rhyming Couplets: AABBCC
Ballad: "ABCB" or ABAB

The Thorn; William Wordsworth

There is a thorn; it looks so old,
In truth you'd find it hard to say,
How it could ever have been young,
It looks so old and grey.
Not higher than a two years' child
It stands erect this aged thorn;
No leaves it has, no thorny points;
It is a mass of knotted joints,
A wretched thing forlorn.
It stands erect, and like a stone
With lichens it is overgrown.

Soleasi Nel Mio Cor; Petrach

She ruled in beauty o'er this heart of mine,
A noble lady in a humble home,
And now her time for heavenly bliss has come,
'Tis I am mortal proved, and she divine.
The soul that all its blessings must resign,
And love whose light no more on earth finds room,
Might rend the rocks with pity for their doom,
Yet none their sorrows can in words enshrine;
They weep within my heart; and ears are deaf
Save mine alone, and I am crushed with care,
And naught remains to me save mournful breath.
Assuredly but dust and shade we are,
Assuredly desire is blind and brief,
Assuredly its hope but ends in death.

Sonnet 50; Shakespeare

How heavy do I journey on the way,
When what I seek, my weary travel's end,
Doth teach that ease and that repose to say,
'Thus far the miles are measured from thy friend!'
The beast that bears me, tired with my woe,
Plods dully on, to bear that weight in me,
As if by some instinct the wretch did know
His rider lov'd not speed being made from thee.
The bloody spur cannot provoke him on,
That sometimes anger thrusts into his hide,
Which heavily he answers with a groan,
More sharp to me than spurring to his side;
For that same groan doth put this in my mind,
My grief lies onward, and my joy behind.

Poetry Technique;
Why Are They
Important

Stresses
Certain words

The Semantic Field

Prose Technique
Structure: How The way it is written contributes to the
desired effects the author wishes to impart on the reader
Imagery: The deliberate metaphors, similes, symbols etc.
used by the author to convey certain messages implicitly to
the reader
Language: The specific use of words or phrases used by the
author to convey certain implicit references to the reader
Style: The way in which the author writes in general e.g.
journal, diary, first person, third person etc
Tone: The general use of language and structure in the
creation of atmosphere through the use of language e.g.
urgent, romantic, suspenseful etc

Technical Terminology
Enjambment: The continuation of a line in poetry without punctuation
Polysynderton: The repeated use of conjunctions in close succession
Asynderton: the lack of conjunctions
Caesura: the use of punctuation in the middle of a line of poetry
Tautology: The repetition of words for no effect verbose
Onomatopoeia: Words which reflect the sounds they produce
Consonance: the repetition of consonants
Assonance: the lack of consonants
Sibilance: the repetitive use of s words
Taxonomy: Listing things
Dramatic/Comedic/ Romantic Irony: The juxtaposition of situations for
dramatic/comedic/romantic effect
Dark Irony: The juxtaposition of situations so as to highlight the dark nature/tone

Technical Terminology Continued

Alliteration: the repetition of individual consonants/syllables within a sentence
Personification: applying human characteristics to inanimate objects
Anaphora: repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a line
Epiphora: repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a line
Refrain: the repetition of a sentence perhaps or series of words periodically
Hyperbole: deliberate exaggeration for dramatic effect
Juxtaposition: placing two contradicting ideas or phrases within close succession of each other
(can be within a paragraph or sentence)
Oxymoron: Direct contradiction between two words placed next to each other
Stichomythia: short quick rapid fire dialogue
Zoomorphism: applying animalistic traits to humans
Anthropomorphism: applying human traits to animals