Chap01 of Floyd

electronics fundamentals
circuits, devices, and applications

THOMAS L. FLOYD
DAVID M. BUCHLA
chapter 1
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Scientific and Engineering Notation
Very large and very small numbers are
represented with scientific and engineering
notation.
47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)
= 47 x 106 (Engineering Notation)

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Scientific and Engineering Notation
0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)
= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)
0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Metric Conversions
Numbers in scientific notation
can be entered in a scientific
calculator using the EE key.
Mostscientificcalculatorscanbe
placedinamodethatwill
automaticallyconvertanydecimal
numberenteredintoscientific
notationorengineeringnotation.
Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
SI Fundamental Units
Quantity
Unit
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Ampere
Kelvin
Candela
Mole

Floyd/Buchla
Symbol
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
Chapter 1
Some Important Electrical Units
Except for current, all electrical and magnetic
units are derived from the fundamental units.
Current is a fundamental unit.
Quantity
Current
Charge
Voltage
Resistance
Power
Floyd/Buchla
Unit
Ampere
Coulomb
Volt
Ohm
Watt
Symbol
A
C
V
These derived units are

based on fundamental
units from the meterkilogram-second system,
hence are called mks
units.

Chapter 1
Engineering Metric Prefixes
Can you
name the
prefixes and
their
meaning?
peta
1015
tera
1012
giga
109
mega
106
kilo
103

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Engineering Metric Prefixes
Can you
name the
prefixes and
their
meaning?
milli
103
micro
106
nano
109
pico
1012
femto
1015

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Metric Conversions
Whenconvertingfromalargerunittoasmallerunit,
movethedecimalpointtotheright.Remember,a
smallerunitmeansthenumbermustbelarger.
Smaller unit
0.47 M = 470 k
Larger number
Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Metric Conversions
Whenconvertingfromasmallerunittoalargerunit,
movethedecimalpointtotheleft.Remember,a
largerunitmeansthenumbermustbesmaller.
Larger unit
10,000 pF = 0.01 F
Smaller number
Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Metric Arithmetic
Whenaddingorsubtractingnumberswithametric
prefix,convertthemtothesameprefixfirst.
10,000 + 22 k =
10,000 + 22,000 = 32,000
Alternatively,
10 k + 22 k = 32 k

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Metric Arithmetic
Whenaddingorsubtractingnumberswithametric
prefix,convertthemtothesameprefixfirst.
200 + 1.0 mA =
200 A + 1,000 A = 1,200 A
Alternatively,
0.200 m + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Error, Accuracy, and Precision
Experimental uncertainty is part of all measurements. Error is
the difference between the true or best accepted value and the
measured value. Accuracy is an indication of the range of error
in a measurement. Precision is a measure of repeatability.

Floyd/Buchla
Error
Precise,
but not
accurate.

Chapter 1
SignificantDigits
Whenreportingameasuredvalue,oneuncertain
digitmayberetainedbutotheruncertaindigits
shouldbediscarded.Normallythisisthesame
numberofdigitsasintheoriginalmeasurement.
Assume two measured quantities are 10.54
and 3.92. If the larger is divided by the
smaller, the answer is 2.69 because
the answer has the same uncertainty as the
original measurement.
Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
SignificantDigits
Rulesfordeterminingifareporteddigitissignificantare:
1.
Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.
2.
Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant.
3.
Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.
4.
Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are
significant.
5.
Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may
or may not be significant depending on the measurement.

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
1.
Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.

Example: 23.92 has four nonzero digits they are all significant.
2.
Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant.
Example: 0.00276 has three zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit.
There are only three significant digits.
3.
Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.

Example: 806 has three significant digits.
4.
Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are
significant.
Example: 9.00 has three significant digits.
5.
Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may or may
not be significant depending on the measurement.
Example: 4000 does not have a clear number of significant digits.

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Roundingnumbers
Rounding is the process of discarding meaningless digits.
Rules for rounding are:
1.
2.
3.
Ifthedigitdroppedisgreaterthan5,increasethelast
retaineddigitby1.
Ifthedigitdroppedislessthan5,donotchangethelast
retaineddigit.
Ifthedigitdroppedis5,increasethelastretaineddigitif
itmakesiteven,otherwisedonot.Thisiscalledthe
"roundtoeven"rule.

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
UtilityvoltagesandGFIC
Most laboratory equipment is connected to 120 Vrms at the outlet.
Wiring to the outlets generally uses three insulated wires which are
referred to as the hot (black or red wire), neutral (white wire), and
safety ground (green wire).
Neutral
Hot
Ground
GFIC circuits can detect a difference
in the hot and neutral current and trip
a breaker. One outlet on the circuit
will have reset and test buttons.
Floyd/Buchla
Notice that neutral is

larger than the hot line.

Chapter 1
ElectricalSafety
Safety is always a concern with electrical circuits. Knowing
the rules and maintaining a safe environment is everyones
job. A few important safety suggestions are:
Donotworkalone,orwhenyouaredrowsy.
Donotwearconductivejewelry.
Knowthepotentialhazardsoftheequipmentyouare
workingon;checkequipmentandpowercordsfrequently.
Avoidallcontactwithenergizedcircuits;evenlowvoltage
circuits.
Maintainacleanworkspace.
Knowthelocationofpowershutoffandfireextinguishers.
Donthavefoodordrinksinthelaboratoryorworkarea.
Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Key Terms
Engineering Asystemforrepresentinganynumberasaone,
notation two,orthreedigitnumbertimesapoweroften
withanexponentthatisamultipleofthree.
Exponent Thenumbertowhichabaseisraised.
Metricprefix Asymbolthatisusedtoreplacethepowerof
teninnumbersexpressedinscientificor
engineeringnotation.
Poweroften Anumericalrepresentationconsistingofabase
of10andanexponent;thenumber10raisedtoa
power.
Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Key Terms
Scientific A system for representing any number as a

notation number between 1 and 10 times a power of ten.
Accuracy An indication of the range of error in a
measurement.
Precision Ameasureoftherepeatability(consistency)of
aseriesofmeasurements.
Significant A digit known to be correct in a number.
digit

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
1. A number written as 2.59 x 107 is said to be in

a. scientific notation
b. engineering notation
c. both of the above
d. none of the above

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
2. The electrical unit that is fundamental is the

a. volt
b. ohm
c. coulomb
d. ampere

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
3. In scientific notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
4. In engineering notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
5. The metric prefix nano means

a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
6. The metric prefix pico means

a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
7. The number 2700 MW can be written

a. 2.7 TW
b. 2.7 GW
c. 2.7 kW
d. 2.7 mW

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
8. The value 68 k is equal to

a. 6.8 x 104
b. 68, 000
c. 0.068 M
d. All of the above

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
9. The sum of 330 mW + 1.5 W is

a. 331.5 mW
b. 3.35 W
c. 1.533 W
d. 1.83 W

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
10. Precision is a measurement of

a. the total error in a series of measurements
b. the consistency of a series of measurements
c. both of the above
d. none of the above

Floyd/Buchla

Chapter 1
Quiz
Answers:

Floyd/Buchla
1. a
6. d
2. d
7. b
3. b
8. d
4. d
9. d
5. c
10. b


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electronics fundamentals

circuits, devices, and applications

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

These derived units are

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.

Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.

Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Notice that neutral is

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Scientific A system for representing any number as a

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

1. A number written as 2.59 x 107 is said to be in

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

2. The electrical unit that is fundamental is the

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

3. In scientific notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

4. In engineering notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

5. The metric prefix nano means

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

6. The metric prefix pico means

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

7. The number 2700 MW can be written

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

8. The value 68 k is equal to