Design

of
Sewerage
System and allied work
By
Akshat Sudeshwar (2K13/EN/004)
Siddhant Sunil Khaparde(2K13/EN/053)

Objectives
Review of design criteria of existing
sewerage system
Design of sewerage system
Cost estimation of sewerage system as
per Delhi Scheduled of Rates 2013 (DSR)

NECESSITY OF SEWERAGE
SYSTEM
To transport water or waste water from
one location to another by means of
connecting pipes through gravity.
To provide a hygienic and healthy
environment.
Increases the aesthesis and property
value.

Types of Sewerage System

Combined System :- The drainage is taken
along with sewage
Separate System :- The drainage and
sewage are independently of each other
through two different sets of conduits.
Partially Separate System :- A part of
drainage water is allowed to be admitted in
sewers and similarly sometimes domestic
sewage is allowed to admitted into the drains.

Classification of Sewage
System
Sanitary Sewers:-Designed to receive
domestic sewage and industrial waste
excluding storm water.
Storm Sewers:-Designed to carry off storm
water and ground water but excluding
domestic sewage and industrial wastes.
Combined Sewers:-Designed to receive
sewage, industrial waste and storm water.

Why Combined System is

normally not recommended?

Sluggish flow during non-stormy days

Leading to deposition of sewage
Solids causing foul odours
Increased cost of eventual sewage
treatment or pumping cost, associated
with disposal of sewage.

Design of Sewers

Estimation of sanitary sewage

Estimation of storm water runoff
Hydraulics of sewers
Design of sewer system

Estimation of Sanitary Sewage

Per capita Sewage flow

Flow Assumptions
Ground water infiltration
Effect of industrial waste

Per capita Sewage Flow

Domestic sewage is a part of city sewage which means
waste water that is discarded from households.
There are 35 metropolitan cities (with more than 10 Lac
Population) generates 15,644 Millions Litre per Day
(MLD) of sewage. The treatment capacity exists for 8,040
MLD i.e. 51% is being created. In Madhya Pradesh
Indore generates 204 MLD sewage, Bhopal generates
334.75 MLD, whereas Jabalpur contributes 143.34 MLD,
but as far as treatment of sewage is concerned Indore
treats 78 MLD (38%) and Bhopal treats 22 MLD (6%) of
total sewage generation while Jabalpur did not have any
facility of water

 Cities around Ganga basin are generating 2637.7 MLD

sewage but are in a position to treat 1174.4 MLD i.e.,
44.2%. The remaining sewage goes off in Ganga river
without treatment, that pollutes the Ganga.
Sources of Water

Quantity
(MGD)

Yamuna River

310

Ganga River

240

Bhakra Storage

140

Expected Increase due to saving of losses via parallel lined canal 130
and recycling backwashed water in filters of various WTPs
Sub Total

820

Ranney Wells/ Tube Wells (G.W.)

100

Total

920

Ground Water Infiltration

Infiltration is the process by which water on the
ground surface enters the soil. Infiltration rate in soil
science is a measure of the rate at which soil is able
to absorb rainfall or irrigation. It is measured in
inches per hour or millimeters per hour. The rate
decreases as the soil becomes saturated. If the
precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff
will usually occur unless there is some physical
barrier. It is related to the saturated hydraulic
conductivity of the near-surface soil. The rate of
infiltration can be measured using an infiltrometer.

Effect of Industrial Waste

Causes & Effects

Causes
Effluents discharge into
rivers
Oil spills, garbage,
sewage water

Effects
Disturb ecosystem
Loss of aquatic life
Spread of Diseases

Estimation of Storm Water

Runoff
Rational method
Q=K*A*I*R
Here Q= runoff or storm water flow
K= constant
A= catchment area in hectares
R= intensity of rainfall in mm per hour
I= impermeability factor.

Hydraulics of Sewers
1.

Chezys Formula
V=c(rs)^0.5

Where, V= velocity of flow in channel in m/sec

r=hydraulic mean radius of channel
s=hydraulic gradient
c= Chezys constant
a.

Kutters formula
c=(((23+(0.00155/s)+(1/n))/(1+(23+(0.00155/s)).(n/(r)^0.5)))
Where n=Rugosity coefficient depending upon the type of channel
surface.

2. Mannings Formula
V=1/n*R^(2/3)*S^(1/2).
where, n = mannings coefficient (the Value
of mannings coefficient n varies from 0.01 to
0.05 depending upon material of sewer line)
By comparing Chezys & Manning formula
C=1/n*(R^1/6)

3) HazenWilliams formula :
V=0.85*H*(R^0.63)*(S^0.50).
where , H is Hazen- Williams coefficient
(the value of H varies from 100 to 150
depending upon sewer lines material)

Minimum Velocity of Flow

Minimum or self cleansing velocity is the
minimum velocity required to prevent
deposition & clogging of sediments.
It depends upon the shape, size & specific
gravity of particles.
Required at least once in a day.

Maximum Velocity of Flow

The maximum velocity at which no scouring
action or abrasion takes place is known as non
scouring velocity
Such a velocity depends upon the material
used for the construction of sewers

Material of sewer

Non scouring velocity(cm/sec)

Earth channels

60-120

Ordinary brick-lined sewers

150-250

Cement concrete sewers

250-300

Cast iron sewer pipes

350-450

Vitrified tile and glazed bricks

450-500

Forms of Sewers
Circular Sewers
Non-Circular Sewers
Horse-shoe

Rectangular

U-Shaped

Parabolic

Sewer Appurtenances
Manhole
Drop Manhole
Flushing Tank
Lamp hole
Vent shaft
Inverted Siphon
Storm Water Inlets /Street Inlets
Cover and Frames
Catch Basin

Manholes
A manhole (alternatively utility hole, cable
chamber, maintenance hole, inspection
chamber, access chamber, sewer hole or
confined space) is the top opening to an
underground utility vault used to house an
access point for making connections, inspection,
valve adjustments or performing maintenance
on underground and buried public utility and
other services including sewers, telephone,
electricity, storm drains, district heating and gas.

About Manholes

Manhole closings are protected by a manhole cover, a flat plug

designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized access to the
manhole. Those plugs are traditionally made of metal, but may be
constructed from precast concrete, glass reinforced plastic or other
composite material (especially in Europe, or where cover theft is of
concern).

Manholes are usually outfitted with metal, polypropylene, or

fiberglass steps installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy
descent into the utility space. Because of legislation restricting
acceptable manual handling weights, Europe has seen a move
toward lighter weight composite manhole cover materials, which
also have the benefits of greater slip resistance and electrical
insulating properties.

Composite Manholes

Composite (fiberglass) manholes are commonly used in applications where

infiltration, exfiltration, or corrosion by hydrogen sulphide (from sewer gas) are
a concern, or where structures need to be factory integrated into a manhole
before placement.
Structures commonly integrated into composite manholes include:
Flow inverts
Flumes
Drop structures from higher elevation flows to lower elevation discharge pipes
Occasionally, composite manholes will integrate:
Weirs
Storm water screening structures
Sewage grinders
Energy absorbing structures to dissipate undesirable flow stream turbulence
or velocity

Flushing Tank
A flush tank is a tank which
holds fluid in reserve for
flushing. The classic example
of a flush tank is the tank
attached to a toilet. Flush
tanks allow for the storage
and release of a large volume
of water. In addition to being
used for toilets, they are
sometimes attached to
equipment which needs to be
cleaned by flushing, and may
be used to hold reservoirs of
water for dishwashers and
similar types of devices.

Sewer Materials
Pipe is made from many different materials depending upon the
properties of the media that is being transported. For example,
pressure is used to transport potable water to it's end user.
So, a pipe that has high pressure rating (typically greater than 150
psi) must be used. It would also be desirable for the pipe to have a
smooth interior to promote good flow.
While many different types of pipe have these qualities, the most
common for use in potable water distribution are PVC Pipe, Ductile
Iron Pipe and HDPE Pipe.
For larger diameter applications, Precast Concrete Pressure Pipe
(PCPP) and Spiral Welded Steel Pipe are practical. These are just
typical materials that are used...when designing a project, a civil
engineer will carefully review all of the practical options and make a
selection that is then incorporated into his design.

Important Factors Considered for

Selecting Material for Sewer
a. Resistance to corrosion
b. Resistance to abrasion
c. Strength and durability
d. Weight of the material
e. Imperviousness
f. Economy and cost
g. Hydraulically efficient

Design Considerations as per Manual on

Sewage and Sewage treatment by CPHEEO

MINIMUM GRADIENT OF SEWER

Minimum gradient for sewers shall be designed to fulfill the requirement of self
cleansing velocity

Flow Variation

Design Calculation

Details about the system

Calculation of Quantities

Cost Estimation