Trngint

vKthutanten
Ti liu tham kho:Trng in t v truyn sng - Phan Anh NXB HQGHN
L thuyt v k thut anten Gs Ts Phan Anh NXB khoa hc
k thut.
Trng v sng in t Phan Anh (dch) NXB H v TCCN

nidung
ChngI.Sngintvtruynsng
ChngII.Lthuytvkthutanten
chngIII.Ccloianten

Chng I. Sng in t v
truyn sng.
Giithiu
- Trng in t l mt dng c bit
ca vt cht. N tn ti di dng sng
hoc ht, c tc dng tng h vi cc
ht mang in. Trong chn khng tr
ng in t truyn vi vn tc nh
sng (3.108 m/s)
- Nng lng ca trng in t c th
bin i t dng ny sang dng khc
nhng lun bo ton

 Theo nh lut Einstein nng lng v

khi lng trng in t c quan h:
W= m.c2 (J)
W: nng lng;
m: Khi lng (kg);
c: Vn tc nh sng (m/s).

HphngtrnhMaxwell
Phng trnh Maxwell th nht:

E
rotH J T J d
t
Trong :

H
J d2);
E
(A/m
E

J T J d J dich
: Cng t trng (A/m);
: Mt dng in dn
: Cng in trng (V/m);
: Hng s in mi (F/m);
: in dn sut (S/m);

nghaphngtrnhMaxwellth
nht
T trng c th c gy ra khng ch
bi dng in dn m do c dng
in dch, ngha l do s bin i
ca cng in trng theo thi gian.
Tc dng ca dng in dn v dng
in dch l nh nhau trong vic to ra
t trng.

HphngtrnhMaxwell
Phng trnh Maxwell th hai:

H
rotE
t
Trong :
(A/m);

: t thm ca mi trng

nghaphngtrnhMaxwellth
hai

T trng bin i theo thi gian s

to ra in trng.

HphngtrnhMaxwell
- Phng trnh Maxwell th ba:

div E

: Mt in tch

- Phng trnh Maxwell th t:

div H 0
ngha: L hai phng trnh xc nh mt
ngun ca in trng v t trng

 HhngtrnhMaxwelly

E
rotH J d
t
H
rotE
t

div E
div H 0

Ktlun
C bin thin ca in trng dn n c
t trng bin thin v ngc li.
Dng in dn v dng in dch c
vai tr nh nhau trong vic sinh ra t tr
ng.
Trong chn khng vn tn ti in t tr
ng.

nh l Poynting
y l nh l v s bo ton nng lng trong trng in t.
Phtbiu:
Nng lng trng in t chy qua mt n v in tch
trong mt n v thi gian c xc nh theo cng thc:
Trong :

dW
dt Q dS

S
: Cng sut tn hao
di dng nhit ca dng
Q J .E .dV in trong th tch V.
V
S: Din tch mt gii hn bi ng vng dy
dn l.
: vecto mt thng lng nng lng chy
EH
qua mt S trong n v thi gian (vect
poynting)

nh l Poynting
Chiu ca vect poynting l chiu dch thun
theo quy tc vn
E ntHchai t sang (hay
quy tc bn tay tri) vi gc quay nh nht.

Nng lng trng in t chy qua mt n v

thi gian c xc nh:
2.
;
W/m
E.H

1.1.Sngint
1.1.1.Sngintphng
a.Khinim: Sng in t to ra cc E
vect H
in v t
c bin v pha ging nhau v hp thnh cc mt ng
pha v ng bin l nhng mt phng th c gi l sng
in t phng.
b.Mitrngtruynsng:
- in mi l tng (ng nht khng tn hao)
- ng nht, c tn hao
- Bn dn.
Nhn xt: Sng in t khng lan truyn trong mi trng kim
loi (Fe, Cu)
c.Tnhcht:
- Phn x, khc x khi sng truyn qua hai mi trng c chit
sut khc nhau.
- Nhiu x khi bc sng xp x vi kch thc vt cn.
- Tn x khi bc sng nh hn vt cn.

1.1.Sngint
1.1.2.Bcxsngint
a. nh ngha
Qu trnh truyn trng in t t ngun vo
khng gian gi l qu trnh bc x trng in t.
Bc x trng in t ch xy ra vi ngun bin
thin.
b. Bc x ca dipol in
Trng vng gn.
khu gn th cc thnh phn in trng v t tr
ng lch pha nhau 900 theo thi gian. Do vecto
poynting trung bnh s c gi tr bng khng. Chng
t nng lng ca trng vng gn c tnh dao ng.
Trong mt phn t chu k u th nng lng ny dch
chuyn t ngun trng ra khng gian xung quanh v
trong mt phn t chu k tip theo li dch chuyn tr
li ging nh s trao i nng lng trong mt mch dao
ng. Trng khu gn cn c gi l trngcmng
v khu gn c gi l khucmng.

1.1.Sngint
- Trng vng xa
in trng v t trng vng xa lun
lun ng pha nhau. V th gi tr trung
bnh ca vecto poynting lun khc khng
v nng lng bc x c dch chuyn t
ngun vo khng gian xung quanh. Trng
in t bc x vng xa c dng sng
cu, c vecto in v t vung gc vi h
ng truyn lan. Sng in t trong trng
hp ny c gi l sng in t ngang

1.1.Sngint
1.1.3.Sngintnhhng
- Khi nim:
Sng in t c lan truyn theo mt hng xc nh, trnh s
phn tn nng lng theo cc hng khc khi truyn thng tin gia cc
thit b u cui. c gi l sng in t nh hng.
- Cc loi h nh hng:
+ Dy song hnh:
Gm hai dy dn song song trong mt v bc. Khi sng
in t c nh hng bi h thng ny truyn lan khng gian
xung quanh dy dn.
Dy song hnh thch hp s dng i vi di sng c bc sng ln
(>1m).
Dy song hnh c bc kim c hiu qu truyn dn cao hn
nhiu s vi dy khng bc.
+ Dy ng trc:
Gm mt dy dn bc trong v bc. Sng in t truyn trong
khng gian gia cc mt ca dy dn trong v ngoi.
Dy ng trc c hiu qu truyn dn cao, c cu trc n
gin.
+ ng dn sng:
L khng gianc bao bc bi v kim loi khi khng c dy dn
bn trong. Sng in t c lan truyn trong khng gian .

1.1.Sngint
Cc loi h nh hng

1.2.Truynsng
1.2.1.Ccvnchungvtruynsng.
Kho st v s truyn lan t do ca sng in t
di v tuyn in.
Vai tr thng tin, thng tin v tuyn trong x hi
hin i.
Nh cc sng ny m c th thit lp cc knh thng
tin v tuyn vi c ly thng tin rt ln.
Mt knh thng tin thng gm cc thit b thu - pht
t u cui ng truyn v tin tc c mang i
nh sng in t lan truyn trong mi trng vt l trung
gian gi l mi trng truyn sng.
m bo cng nh tng cht lng knh thng tin
v tuyn chng ta khng ch quan tm n tnh nng,
cht lng ca thit b u cuim cn phi xt n mi
trng truyn sng, la chn dng n tn s cng tc
cng nh chn phng thc truyn sng hp l

1.2.Truynsng
- nh hng ca mi trng n truyn sng
Mi trng c nh hng rt ln n
truyn sng v gy ra cc hin tng:
+ Suy hao sng
+ Thay i hng v vn tc truyn sng
+ Lm mo tn hiu
- Phn loi sng:
C hai cch phn loi:
+ Theo bc sng: Sng cc di, sng di,
sng trung, sng ngn,..
+ Theo phng thc truyn lan: Sng trc
tip, sng t, sng i lu, sng in ly.

1.2.Truynsng
1.2.1.Truynsngt
Khi nim:
L sng VT c truyn gn mt
t theo ng thng hoc b phn
x t mt t hoc b un theo
cong mt t do hin tng nhiu x.
Hin tng nhiu x l hin tng qu
o tia sng b un cong quanh vt
cn trn ng truyn.

 Khi qut chung

Sng trong trng hp ny b nh h
ng bi t m c th l b nh hng
ca cht t v a hnh. V th
bitc cc thng s t ( hng s
in mi , in dn sut,) l rt
quan trng.
Gii mt bi ton tng qut v sng
t vi nhiu bin s nh vy rt l
kh. Ngi ta s dng mt bin php
trong thc t l gii cc bi ton
ring vi cc gi thit ring l tng hn:

Thay th t thc li lm bng mt t bng

phng tng tng.
+
B qua s bin i lin tc, t t ca cht t
trn ng truyn. Xem nh tham s t bin i
mt cch t ngt khi qua cc vng t khc
nhau.
+
i vi mt t thc thng cng xung su
th dn in cng tng do m cao hn nh
ng trong tnh ton ta coi tham s t khng thay
i theo su.
+
Thay t thc t bng t tng tng c thng
s tng ng.
+
c ly gn (r nh) coi t phng
+
c ly xa (r ln) xem mt t l mt cu.
+
Trong truyn sng ngi ta s dng anten
thu pht tn hiu. C hai loi anten c s dng l:
Anten t thp.
Anten t cao.

 Anten t cao
Truyn sng khi anten t cao th
ng ch gp i vi sng ngn v
cc ngn.
Anten t cao l anten c b
phn thu v pht sng in t nm
cao so vi mt t (c vi bc sng).

Anten t cao
Gi thit t ra:
Ti A c anten pht vi cng sut P1. H s
nh hng D1 t cao h1.
Ti B cao h2 t anten thu.
Sng in t c bc sng .
r1 ng i t A n B ca tia ti trc tip.
r2 ng i t A n B ca tia phn x.
r: Khong cch t anten pht n anten thu

:Gc nghing tia phn x

Yu cu: Xc nh cng trng ti B.

Anten t cao
ng truyn ca sng
A

P1D1

1
r1
B

h1
2
Khngkh

h2

 gii bi ton v truyn sng t

chng ta cn tm hiu bi ton v
truyn sng trong khng gian t do
(cng thc truyn sng l tng)
- Khng gian t do l mt mi trng ng
nht, ng hng, khng hp th v c h
s in mi tng i, in dn sut
bng 1.
Bi ton:
Ti A: c ngun bc x, cng sut pht
P1, c t trong khng gian t do. Xc
nh cng in t trng thu c ti B
cch A mt khong r.

Li gii:
P
Mt cng sut trung bnh ti B l:
1 1 2
4r
(V/m2)
Nu ngun bc x c hng, h s nh hng D 1 th:
P
1 D1
1
4 r 2
1
(V/m2)
Em
60 P
1 D1
r
Bin cng in trng:
(V/m)
e(t ) Em . cos(t kr ) Em .e i ( t kr )
Gi tr tc thi ca cng in trng:
k

2 Em

: h s sng
2trng
: Gi tr hiu dng cng

in
S h2
D2
4

Nu ti B c anten thu vi din tch hiu dng:

2
Ta c cng sut anten thu
my
thu:
P1cp
D1 cho
P1 D2 D2
P2 1 .S h2
.
.
D

2
2
2
2
4 r
4
(4 r )
(W)
Trong thc t, mi trng lm suy hao sng. c trng cho s suy hao l tha
1
Em
60 P1 D1 .F
s lm yu F.
r
PD D
Vy cng trng trong mi trng thc t:
P2 1 2 22 2 .F 2
(4 r )
Cng sut cp cho my thu thc t:
E
H
Cng thc lin h gia cng in v t trng:
120

Eh

Ligiichobitontruynsngt
Cng trng ti B ca tia ti trc tip c xc nh bi
E1 = Em1 .ei (t kr1 )
; V/ m
Trong :
1
Em1 =
V/m: Gi tr hiu dng ca cng trng tia
60P1 D1
r1
trc tip
i x c xc nh:
Cng trng ti Bi (ca
t kr2tia
) phn
e
e
E2
= Em2.
V/ m;
1
Trong :
60P1 D1
Em2= r2
.R
V/m
Gi tr hiu dng ca cng trng tia
phn x.
h s phn x.
R:
:gc pha tia phn x.
R v
c xc nh da vo cc th v h s phn x (
EB sE1t
E2(hng s in mi, in
cui sch) khi bit cc thng
1
1
1
dn sut).

Vy cng
r1
r2 trng
r ti B l:
1
Coi:
2

EB

Vy ta c cng trng ti B l:

60 P1 D1 1 R 2 R cos

Trong :

k r
r r2 r1 2

h1h2
r

t F = 1 R 2 2 R cos
: gi l tha s lm
yu
Trong nhiu trng hp do h1<<r v h2<<r nn

gc nghing ca tia
0 phn x t mt t s nh
180

n mc
c th xem
R 1 v
. Khi :
2

EB= r 60P1 D1 sin r

(V/m);
Hay

2 h1h2
2
EB = r 60P1 D1 sin r

(V/m);

Vy truyn sng tt nht phi chn cao

anten pht, thu thch hp tia phn x t mt
t khng lm yu trng tia trc tip hoc tng c
ng trng ti im thu.

Kt lun:
Nh vy chng ta c tm
hiu v phng thc truyn lan ca
sng t. Qua cng bit c nh
hng ca t i vi kh nng
truyn sng v cng hiu rng phi
chn cao anten thch hp mi thu
pht sng tt.

1.2.2. Truyn sng trong tng

i lu

- Tng i lu l tng kh quyn nm t st mt t v

ln n cao khong:
+ 8km n 10km cc vng cc.
+ 10km n 12km cc vng n i.
+ 18km n 20km cc vng xch o.
- Tng i lu c thnh phn cht kh khng i: 78%
kh nit, 21% oxi, v 1% l cc cht khc.
- Tng i lu c c im quan trng l mt cht
kh gim khi cao tng
- Tng i lu c chit sut bin i u theo cao.
Khi mt tia sng truyn trong tng i lu m khng song
song vi phng ngang th n s b khc x lin tc. Nh
vy tia sng s b un cong ch khng cn truyn theo
qu o thng. y chnh l hin tng khc x kh
quyn.
- Tng i lu ch nh hng n sng cc ngn v sng
VT truyn c li xa.

1.2.3. Truyn sng trn tng

in li

- Tng in ly l tng kh quyn b ion ho nm

cao 60 n 600km.
Nguyn nhn gy ion ho tng in li:
Do tc dng ca bc x mt tri dn n xy ra
s phn li cc phn t oxi, nit thnh cc nguyn
t. Mt khc cng do nhng nguyn nhn khc nh
l: bc x ca cc v sao, cc tia v tr, cc thin
thch khi vo kh quyn tri t b chy.
- Di tc dng ca cc ngun ion ho v do cu to ca
cc cht kh nn trong kh quyn xut hin mt s
min t cc tr ion ho (hay cn gi l cc lp), Cc
lp ny nh hng trc tip n kh nng truyn
sng.
- Trong mi trng ion ho, tn hiu c truyn i vi
vn tc nh hn vn tc nh sng. Sau khi truyn
qua mi trng ny tn hiu s b mo dng.

ChngII.Lthuytvkthutanten
2.1. L thuyt anten
2.1.1. Gii thiu chung
- V tr anten trong h thng thng tin VT
anten c t u ra my pht v u vo my thu.
anten pht

anten thu

M trng
truyn
- Vai tr: L phn t khng th thiu trong bt k h thng thng tin VT.
- nh ngha:
+ anten pht: L mt thit b dng bin i nng lng dng cao
tng c iu ch t my pht thnh nng lng sng in t v bc x
vo khng gian theo mt quy lut xc nh.
+ Anten thu: L thit b dng thu sng in t t khng gian ti theo
quy lut xc nh v bin i thnh nng lng dng cao tng a
ti u vo ca my thu.
Anten chnh l mt thit b bin i nng lng v nh hng truyn
sng.

- Yu cu i vi anten:
C tnh nh hng xc nh.
Hiu sut cao khi pht gim
c tn hao, khi thu tng c t s
tn/tp.
Gii thng rng.
Chu c cng sut khi pht v c
kh nng chng nhiu khi thu.
Kch thc gn, trng lng nh, gi
thnh r

2.1.2.ccthamscbn
caanten

- Hm hng tnh:

Biu th s ph thuc ca cng trng

bc x ca anten theo cc hng khc nhau
trong khng gian vi khong cch khng i.
- Hm bin chun ho

Biu th bin cng trng hng

kho st trn bin trng hng cc i.
Hm ny t gi tr ln nht ti 1.

2.1.3.thphnghngv
rngbpsng

th phng hng c v bi hm
tnh hng. N m t quan h gia cng
trng bc x hoc cng sut bc x
ca anten trong cc hng khc
nhau vi mt khong
cch kho st c nh

th phng hng trong h to cc

2.1.3.thphnghngv
rngbpsng
rng bp sng ( rng ca th
phng hng) c xc nh bi gc gia hai
hng m theo hai hng cng trng
hoc cng sut bc x gim i mt gi tr
nht nh.
C nhiu cch nh gi rng bp
sng, thng rng bp sng na cng
sut c s dng. rng bp sng na
cng sut tc l gc gia hai hng m theo
hai hng cng sut bc x gim i mt
3dB bc x cc i. K hiu:
na so vi cng
sut
( hay cn gi l rng bp sng
3dB), nu gi tr ny cng b th anten
tp trung cng sut bc x cng mnh.

2.1.3.thphnghngv
rngbpsng

rng ca th phng hng

2.1.4.Cngsutbcx,intr
bcx
vhiusutcaanten.

- Cng sut bc x:
PA= Pbx+ Pth.
PA: Cng sut t vo anten.
Pbx: Cng sut bc x.
Pth: Cng sut tn hao.
- in tr bc x:
PA= I2 (Rbx+ Rth.)
Rbx, Rth: in tr bc x v in tr tn hao ca anten.
- Hiu sut:

c trng cho mc tn hao cng sut ca anten. Th

ng nh hn 1.

2.1.5.Hshngtnhvhs
khuychi.
H s nh hng:
D ( , )
S ( , )
st.

: H s hng tnh ca anten.

: Mt cng sut bc x ca antenkho

S0: Mt cng sut bc x ca anten chun cng h

ng.
Hay:
E ( , )

: Bin cng in trng anten kho st.

E0: Bin cng in trng ca anten v hng.
Vy:

H s khuch i ca anten
c trng cho anten v tnh bc x v c kh
nng lm vic (cn c gi l h s tng ch hay
li ca anten).

th phng hng ca anten omni-directional v anten v hng

H s hng tnh v h s khuch i thng c

biu din theo n v dB.

2.1.6.Trkhngvoca
anten.

Ua: in p u vo anten.
Ia: Dng in u vo anten.

2.1.7.Cngsutbcxnghngt
ngng.

EIRP= PT.GT (W).

PT: Cng sut u ra my pht
GT: H s khuch i anten pht (coi
bng 1).
EIRP c th c tnh theo n v dB:

Bi tp
Bi 1: Mt my pht c cng sut l 100W
ni vi anten c h s khuch i 10.
Xc nh cng sut bc x ng hng t
ng ng tnh theo W, dBW, dBm?
Bi 2: Mt anten c tr khng bc x 73
,tr khng tn hao 8 , h s hng tnh
20, cng sut my pht a vo anten
100W. Xc nh:
a. Hiu sut lm vic ca anten.
b. H s khuch i ca anten (dBi).
c. Cng sut bc x v cng sut bc x
ng hng tng ng W, dBW, dBm.

Li gii
Bi 1:
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng
ng tnh theo W, dBW, dBm:

Li gii
Bi 2:

2.1.8.Dintchhiudngv
chiudihiudng
Din tch hiu dng:

A: din tch bc x hay cm ng thc t

ca anten.
Quan h gia din tch hiu dng v
h s khuch i anten thu:

2.1.9.Ditncngtc
Di tn cng tc ca anten c phn thnh bn
nhm:

2.1.10.Hsbovca
anten

Tnh theo n v dB c:

2.2.Ccngunbcx
Theo l thuyt v trng bc x, cc
anten bc x sng in t c th c
xem l tp hp ca cc ngun bc x n
gin.
Chnh v th nghin cu cc
anten phc tp chng ta c th da trn
vic nghin cu cc anten nguyn t n
gin nh dipol in v dipol t.

2.2.1.Dipolin
Cu to
Dipol in hay cn gi l lng
cc in
L mt on dy dn mnh,
thng, c chiu di rt nh so vi bc
sng cng tc, trn on dy c
dng in m bin v pha c
xem l ng u ti mi im.

2.2.1.Dipolin
Phn b dng in trn dipol v cc ng sc
in, t trng do dipol gy ra:

2.2.1.Trngbcxcadipolin

2.2.1.Trngbcxcadipolin
t dipol trong h to cu tm O trng
tm dipol. Chiu di hng theo trc z. Trng in t
thu c ti im M bt k c to

l:

2.2.1.Trngbcxcadipolin
Thay cc gi tr ca Z v k vo ta
c:

2.2.1.Trngbcxcadipolin
Cc thng s:

2.2.1.Trngbcxcadipolin
th phng hng ca dipol in

2.2.1.Trngbcxcadipolin
- Cng sut bc x ca dipol in

- in tr bc x ca dipol in

- H s nh hng ca dipol in

2.2.1.Trngbcxcadipolin
Nhn xt:
Trng bc x dipol l trng phn cc
thng, mt phng in trng l mt
phng cha trc dipol, mt phng t trng
l mt phng vung gc vi trc dipol.
Nng lng trng bc x l nng lng thc
v ti mi im kho st cc vecto
u c phng ging nhau.
Hm hng tnh ca dipol ch ph thuc
gc
m khng ph thuc gc
. Nn tr
ng bc x dipol in c tnh hng trong
mt phng E v v hng trong mt phng
H.

2.2.2. Dipol t

L mt on dy dn mnh,
thng, c chiu di rt nh so vi bc
sng cng tc, trn on dy c
dng t m bin v pha c xem
l ng u ti mi im.

2.2.2.Dipolt
Phn b dng trn dipol t v cc ng
sc in, t trng do dipol gy ra:

2.2.2.Trngbcxcadipolt

2.2.2.Trngbcxcadipolt
Trng in t thu c ti im M bt k:

Trong thc t khng c dng t m ch c

dng t tng ng, tc l ch c phn t
trn tn ti thnh phn tip tuyn ca
in trng.

2.2.2.Trngbcxcadipolt
- Khi in trng bc x ca dipol in c
gi tr bng in trng bc x ca dipol t
th dng t phi c gi tr gp hai ln
dng in ca dipol in. Ngha l:
- Cng sut bc x ca dipol t:

- in dn bc x ca dipol t:

2.3.Nguyntbcxhnhp
- Cu to:
Gm mt dipol in t vung gc vi
mt dipol t. Dipol in t theo trc x c
dng in Ixe, dipol t t theo trc y c
dng t Iym. Gi s di hai dipol bng
nhau v bng l. Ta c quan h bin gia
dng in v dng t l:

Trong
a: H s thc hoc s phc
Z: Tr khng sng ca mi trng

2.3.Nguyntbcxhnhp

Nguyn t bc x hn hp

2.3.Nguyntbcxhnhp
Ti mi im kho st trng bc x gm c bn thnh
phn
in trng bc x khu xa:

Hm tnh hng:

Hm tnh hng bin chun ho:

H s nh hng:

2.3.Nguyntbcxhnhp

th phng hng

2.3.Nguyntbcxhnhp

Nhn xt:
Nguyn t bc x hn hp ch bc
x nng lng cc i v mt hng. H
ng bc x cc i c xc nh bi
hng ca tch vect (IexIm). Nguyn
t bc x hn hp c gi l nguyn t
bc x n hng. Cu hi v bi tp

Cuhiv
bitp