Learning

A machine cannot be called

intelligent until they are able
to learn to do new things and
to adapt to new situations,
rather than simply doing as
they are told to do. Learning
is the process used for
gaining knowledge and hence
intelligence.

Sources of knowledge
-Experts in domain of interest
-Textbooks
-Technical papers
-Databases
-Reports
-Internet
-The environment

Types of knowledge and

possible Structures
Facts: (snow color white)
Relations: (father_of john bill)
Rules:(if (temp>20 degrees)
(open a))
Any Concepts, Procedures,
Plans etc.

Types of Learning
1. Rote Learning: It is copy in the
same form.
Example: Memorizing the tables,
stories.
2. Learning by Direct Instruction: It is
learning from instruction by an
instructor in an organized form.
3. Leaning by analogy: Inferencing a
new
concept
from
similar
experience in past. Example:
Answering in exams

4. Learning by Induction: A new

inference is drawn from a set of
similar facts. Example is we learn
concepts of sour or sweet after
tasting related food
5.

Learning by Deduction: An
inference is drawn from a given set
of
facts
using
deduction
mechanism.
Example: theorem
proving

General Learning Model

Examples, Li

Environment
or
Teacher

Learner
component

Knowledge
base

Feedback
Critic
Performance
evaluator
Tasks

Performance
component
Responses

Factors
affecting
performance:

learning

1. Background knowledge: More the

background knowledge, better the
performance.
2. Feedback: A good feedback can
help in improving learning process.
The feedback may be only positive
or negative or in detail.

3. Training scenario: Both +ve and

ve examples during training can
help in learning easily. Example
2X2 is 4 and 2X2 is not equal to 5.
4.
Representation
scheme:
Appropriate
representation
scheme can help in better
learning.

Learning Automata
A weak, inductive learner

Learning Automata is a finite

state adaptive system which
interact iteratively with a
general
environment.
Through a probabilistic trial
and error response process,
they learn to choose or adapt
to a behavior which produces
the best response.

Learning Automaton Model

It has two components:
1.An automaton (learner)
2. An environment
Environment
Response
Learning
Automaton

Stimulus

The learning cycle begins with an input to the

learning automata system from the environment.
This input elicits one of the finite number of
possible
responses from the
automaton.
The environment receives and evaluates the
response and then provides some form of
feedback
to
the
automaton
in
return.
This feedback is used by the automaton to alter
its stimulus-response mapping structure to
improve its behavior in a more favorable way.

Learning
automata
have
been
generalized and studied in various ways:
Collective Learning Automata (CLA):
CLAs are standard learning automata
systems except that feedback is not
provided to the automaton after each
response.