electronic oscillator

An electronic oscillator is an
electronic circuit that produces a
periodic, oscillating electronic signal,
often a sine wave or a square wave.
Oscillators convert direct current (DC)
from a power supply to an alternating
current signal. They are widely used in
many electronic devices.

electronic oscillator
An electronic oscillator is an
electronic circuit that produces a
periodic, oscillating electronic signal,
often a sine wave or a square wave.
Oscillators convert direct current (DC)
from a power supply to an alternating
current signal. They are widely used in
many electronic devices.

optical encoder
An optical encoder is an
electromechanical device which has
an electrical output in digital form
proportional to the angular position
of the input shaft. Optical encoders
enable an angular displacement to
be converted directly into a digital
form. An optical encoder is an
angular position sensor :

Rotary encoder

Thermocouple
A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure
temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire
legs made from different metals. The wires legs
are welded together at one end, creating a
junction. This junction is where the temperature is
measured. When the junction experiences a
change in temperature, a voltage is created. The
voltage can then be interpreted using
thermocouple reference tables to calculate the
temperature.

Thermocouple

Working Principle
The working principle of thermocouple is based on three effects,
discovered by Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson. They are as follows:
1) Seebeck effect: The Seebeck effect states that when two
different or unlike metals are joined together at two junctions, an
electromotive force (emf) is generated at the two junctions. The
amount of emf generated is different for different combinations of
the metals.
2) Peltier effect: As per the Peltier effect, when two dissimilar
metals are joined together to form two junctions, emf is
generated within the circuit due to the different temperatures of
the two junctions of the circuit.
3) Thomson effect: As per the Thomson effect, when two unlike
metals are joined together forming two junctions, the potential
exists within the circuit due to temperature gradient along the
entire length of the conductors within the circuit.
In most of the cases the emf suggested by the Thomson effect is
very small and it can be neglected by making proper selection of
the metals. The Peltier effect plays a prominent role in the
working principle of the thermocouple.

 The main principle of operation of an

RTD is that when the temperature of an
object increases or decreases, the
resistance also increases or decreases
proportionally. The main difference
between a RTD and a Thermistor is
that the sensing element used in a RTD
is a metal and a thermistor uses
ceramic or polymer material. As
platinum is the most commonly used
metal for making RTDs, the device can
also be called Platinum Resistance
Thermometers (PRTs).