CAC

NGUYEN TO
PHAN
NHOM VIA

08/27/15

CAC NHAN XET CHUNG

Ten goi chung: Cancogen (tc la chat co
kha nang sinh quang), gom O, S, Se, Te va
Po.
Cau truc lp e ngoai cung: ns2np4.
Xu hng nhan them 2 e tao hp chat X 2, the hien tnh oxy hoa.
T O Te so lp e tang dan en hieu
ng chan tang, hieu ng xam nhap
giam. T S tr i co cac AO d, f t do co
kha nang tao lien ket.
Tnh Ox giam nhng khong eu, Se va Te
co tnh Ox giam ot ngot rat nhieu.
T S tr i con co xu hng cho cac e
hoa tr tao so Ox dng (+2, +4, +6), the
hien tnh kh.
08/27/15

N CHAT
X

Se

Te

Po

d
(g/cm3)

1.27

2.06

4.80

6.24

9.30

r ()

0.66

1.04

1.14

1.32

F (EA,
eV)

1.47

2.08

2.02

2.0

1.35

I1 (eV)

13.62

10.36

9.75

9.01

8.43

tnc (oC)

-119.3
218.61

217

449.8

254

ts (oC)

444.6
182.87

634.8

990

962

2.5

2.1

DAT

3.5

08/27/15

2.6

Bn knh

08/27/15

Nhit si, nhit nng chy

08/27/15

 ay xet chu yeu la Oxy va Lu huynh.

Oxy

Co 2 dang thu hnh la O2 va O3.

Cong thc phan t cua O2:
2O [1s22s22p4] O2 [( s)2( s*)2( x)2( y,z)4( y*)1( z*)1]
Bac lien ket =2.
o dai lien ket:1.207Ao (lien ket n O-O
=1.48Ao)

Ly tnh:
Ben nhiet (Epl=494 kJ/mol) do co lk oi. tnc, ts
thap do ptl nho, gan nh khong cc nen
kem tan trong nc ( 00C tan 5% v/v).
Thuan t do co e oc than.
08/27/15

Hoa tnh:
Hoat tnh cao khi nhiet o cao hay co
xuc tac. Tnh oxy hoa manh (tao oxyt
t He, Ne, Ar), so Ox = -2 (vi F co so
OX +1, +2).

ieu che:
Trong cong nghiep chng cat phan
oan khong kh long hay ien phan
nc.
Trong PTN: Nhiet phan cac muoi KClO 3,
KMnO4, Ca(ClO)2
KClO3 (MnO2, to) KCl + O2
KNO3 (to) KNO2 + O2
08/27/15

Ozon
1.26
Lien ket CHT
o
A
2
116.
O trung tam lai hoa sp .
o
5
2
2
Cong thc e phan t: ( s) ( x) ( y)2 ( so)2
Ozon nghch t do khong co e oc than.
Kem ben hn oxy do bac lk ch = 1.5.
2500C t phan huy (cham), con ozon
long va hon hp ozon nong o cao
(70%) b phan huy no.
O 3 O2 + O
Hoat tnh oxy hoa cao hn oxy (do tao O
nguyen t)
Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2
08/27/15

 ay xet chu yeu la Oxy va Lu

huynh.

Lu huynh (S)

Bat au co cac AO 3d t do co kha

nang tham gia tao lien ket. S co kha
nang tao mach zic-zac ong the.
2.05
Hoac tao vong kn
(S4,
S6, S8).
o
o
108A
Cac dang thu hnh khac nhau: S ta
phng (S), S n ta (S), S deo (S), S
vang da cam (S6), S o ta (S2). Ben va
hay gap ieu kien thng la S
(trong t nhien, mau vang chanh) va S.
08/27/15

tnc = 112.80C. T 190 2500C co o

nht cao nhat do S8 b pha v tao
day S, nen tang o nht, sau ay
t>2500C th day S b cat nho ra
nen o nht giam.
ts = 444.60C, don, cach nhiet, ien,
khong tan trong H2O.
Trang thai lai hoa ben: sp3.
Vi cac nguyen to co o am
ien nho hn (DAT cua S la 2.6)
no the hien tnh Ox.
S + H2 H2S , H0298 = -22 kJ/mol
08/27/15

Trong phan ng vi halogen va

Oxy th S the hien tnh kh:
S + O2 SO2 , H0298 = -297 kJ/mol
S + KClO3 SO2 + KCl
Hay S + HNO3 () H2SO4 + NO2 (S
S+6)
Khi nung nong S tan trong nuc soi
hay kiem soi, no t Ox-Kh.
S + NaOH (nc) Na2S + Na2SO3 + H2O
08/27/15

Se, Te, Po
Se, Te giong S ca ve phng dien cau
tao phan t, thu hnh va tnh chat
ly hoa.
Trong day
S Se Te

Po

Tnh kh tang, tnh Ox giam.

Cac nguyen to nay hiem, t gap
trong quang oc lap (thng i
kem quang S).
08/27/15

CAC HP CHAT
CAC HP CHAT CO SO Oxh AM
HP CHAT CUA OXY
Gom oxide va peroxide.
Phan t O2 co F =0.8 eV va I =12.2 eV
nen no co kha nang tao nen cac ion
phan t O2-2, O2-1, O2+1 bang cach cho hay
nhan e (trong bang sau).
Cac hp chat peroxide O2-2, O2-1 co ac
iem chung ve cau tao la cac day oxy
(cau oxy O O ).
VD: Na2O2 Na O O Na
08/27/15

O2-2

O2-1

O2

O2+1

Bac lien
ket

1.5

2.5

dO-O (Ao)

1.48

1.26

1.207

1.12

EO-O (kJ/mol)

210

328

493

641

Phan t
ion
Cau tao

Loai O2-1 goi la peroxide bac cao, do O2 ket

hp trc tiep vi cac loai kiem manh :
K + O2 (to) KO2
No thuan t, co mau (do co e oc
than) va
co tnh Ox manh.
08/27/15

H202
Tnh acid rat yeu: H2O2 H+ + H2OVa co tnh Ox va co tnh Kh,
tnh Ox ac trng hn.
O2- + 2e 2O-2 : Tnh Ox.
O2- - 2e O2 : Tnh Kh.
VD:
4H2O2 + PbS PbSO4 + 4H2O
KMnO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 MnSO4 + O2
+ K2SO4 + H2O

08/27/15

 HP CHAT CUA LU HUYNH

S(-2) va S(-1) the hien trong cac hp chat
sulfua (sulfide) va polysulfua (tng t oxide
va peroxide).
Cac sulfur rat giong vi cac oxide ve moi
mat: Thanh phan, cau tao, tnh chatVD:
Vi Na (base): Na2O, NaOH, Na2S, NaSH.
Vi Al (lng tnh): Al2O3, Al(OH)3, Al2S3, Al(SH)3
Vi P (acid): P2O5, H3PO4, P2S5, H3PS4
H2S:
Goc (HSH)=92o, tnc=-85.60C, ts=-60.750C. Kem
ben hn H2O, rat oc (khong kem HCN).

08/27/15

Tnh chat ac trng cua H2S: Kh.

FeCl3 + H2S FeCl2 + HCl +S
Khi b Ox S-2 co the S+6, va de dang
S0.
Kha nang tao mach ong the cua S:
Na2S + (n-1)S Na2Sn (n = 2 9)
Tang ham lng S, mau cac sulfur
thay oi t vang (S2-2) sang o (S9-2),
cau tao mach bieu dien nh sau:
-2

08/27/15

 CAC HP CHAT CUA Se, Te, Po

Cac hp chat cua Se, Te, Po co tnh

base, tang len t Se en Po.
Tnh kh tang t Se en Po.
Khuynh hng tao thanh cac hp chat
co lk kim loai tang len trong day O S
Se Te.
Oxyt Sulfua ____________Selenua Telurua
So lk kim loai t
Nhieu chat
la ban dan
Cac chat ban dan cua Selenua va
Telurua: ZnX, HgX, CdX.
08/27/15

 CAC HP CHAT CO SO Ox DNG

T S tr i co kha nang tao X (+1 en
+6) ma ac trng nhat la +4 va +6.
Trang thai + the hien ien hnh trong
cac hp chat vi halogen va oxy.
Cac hp chat X(+4)
Lu huynh SO2, H2SO3, SO3-2.
SO2 cau tao giong O3, la chat kh co
1.43
0C, t =-100C.
tnc=-75
s
o
119.A
5o
08/27/15

SO2 ben nhiet (H0tt=-296.9 kJ/mol) la do

trang thai lai hoa sp2 cua S c on
nh nh s xuat hien cua lk (bac lk
= 2).
Do cap e t do ma SO2 co cac phan
ng:
+ Cong (khong thay oi so Ox).
+ Oxy hoa (nhan them e).
+ Kh (cho i 1 cap e): Kha nang ac
trng hn.
VD:
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
SO2 + 2CO (5000C) 2CO2 +S
SO2 + O2 (to, xt) SO3
08/27/15

SO3 co dang khoi thap trong o S

trang thai sp3, con d 1 cap e.
-2

SO3 co kha nang cho phan ng

cong.
Oxy hoa: H2SO3+ H2S H2O + S
Kh (ac trng hn)
Na2SO3+ Cl2 + H2O Na2SO4 +HCl
08/27/15

Cac hp chat X(+6)

Lu huynh SO3, H2SO4, SO4-2, SO2X2
S lai hoa sp2, bac lien
ket =2.
1.43
o
120Ao

H0tt=-395 kJ/mol.

Do trang thai sp2 nen

SO3 de
polymer hoa
tao thanh mach vong
(SO3)3 (trime) hay mach h zic-zac
(SO3) (long va ran).

08/27/15

(SO3)3 16.80C hoa ran thanh

dang -SO3 de bay hi, boc khoi,
tan de.
-SO3 e lau bien thanh -SO3
giong amiang [(SO3)], khong co
tnc xac nh, kho tan.
Oleum: Acid polysulfuric H2SO4.xSO3.
x=3 H2S3O10

08/27/15

SO3 + H2O H2SO4 , H0298 = -89 kJ/mol

SO3 SO2 + 1/2O2 (t 400-10000C)
Tnh Ox rat manh.
SO3 + KI K2SO3 + I2
Nhiet hoa tan acid sulfuric:
H2SO4 + nH2O
H2SO4.nH2O, H0ht=79.4kJ/mol
H2SO4 nguyen chat khong the hien tnh
acid, khi pha loang la acid manh. Phan
ly 2 bac (k1=, k2=2.10-2), nen ieu
kien thng ch tao muoi sulfate acid,
khi co nhiet o co the tao sulfate
trung tnh.
08/27/15

Acid H2SO4 ac nong co tnh Ox

manh
H2SO4 () + Cu (to) CuSO4 + SO2 +
H 2O
H2SO4 ac nguoi thu ong hoa Fe,
Al, Cr.
Mot so acid va muoi khac cua S.
Acid polythionic H2SxO6 (x= 3-6), thu
c khi cho
H2S suc qua dung
dch
SO2 va ch ton tai trong
dung dch.
08/27/15

Acid thiosulfuric H2S2O3 , trong phan

t 1 S(+4), 1S(0), khong ben, de
b phan huy.
Na2S2O3+H2SO4H2S2O3 +Na2SO4
H2S2O3 H2O + SO2 + S
Co tnh kh do S0 gay ra.
Na2S2O3 co kha nang hoa tan AgCl,
AgBr, AgI tao nen cac phc tan.
AgBr + Na2S2O3Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] +NaBr
08/27/15

Cac hp chat cua Se, Te, Po.

Giong nh lu huynh.
SeO2 H2SeO3 (anhydric selenous()
acid)
SeO3 H2SeO4 (anhydric selenic acid)
TeO2 H2TeO3 (anhydric telurous() acid)
TeO3 H2TeO4 (anhydric telunic acid)
Day SeO2 TeO2 PoO2 co tnh acid giam,
tnh base tang. Tnh Ox ac trng hn
tnh kh.
08/27/15