CAC

NGUYEN TO
PHAN
NHOM VIIIB

08/27/15

CAC NHAN XET CHUNG

Phan nhom VIIIB gom 9 nguyen to (eu
co so oxy hoa dng), sap xep nh sau:
Fe (6,3,2)
Co(4,3,2)
Ni(2,3)
Ru (8,4) Ruteni
Rh (6,3) Rhuni
Pd(4,2)
Paladi
Os (8,6) Osmi
Ir (6,4) Iridi Pt (6,4,2)
Cac nguyen to nay co 8-10 e hoa tr,
de nhng cac e tao cac trang thai Ox
dng (max +8).
Theo hang ngang, do e (N) tang nen so
Ox giam. Theo hang doc th r tangso Ox
tang.
De tao phc, hap thu va hoat hoa
hydro nen dung lam xuc tac cho phan
ng vi H.

08/27/15

N CHAT
Nguyen
to

Fe

Co

Ni

e hoa tr

3d64s2

3d74s2

3d84s2

r (Ao)

1.26

1.25

1.24

I1 (eV)

7.87

7.86

7.64

tonc (0C)

1536

1495

1455

tos (0C)

2770

2255

2140

08/27/15

 Hoat tnh trung bnh, giam t Fe en Ni.

VD: Kho, nhiet o thap, dang cuc: Ben vi
kk, H2O
t, nhiet o cao: Tac dung vi kk,
H2O.
Fe + O2+H2O Fe2O3.xH2O
Rieng Co, Ni tac dung rat cham. dang
bot mn co kha nang t boc chay trong
khong kh.
Khi un nong chung b cac halogen, O2, S
Oxy hoa.
VD: Fe + Cl2 FeCl3 (t0)
Co+ O2 CoO (t0)
Fe + S FeS (t0)

08/27/15

 Cac acid loang, khong co tnh xoy

hoa ch a Fe, Co, Ni en trang
thai X+2.
VD: Fe + HCl FeCl2
o phan ng vi acid giam dan,
rieng Co, Ni rat kho phan ng trong
acid loang, khong co tnh oxy hoa.
Cac acid am ac, Ox manh, nhiet
o cao th co the phan ng tao X+3.
Fe + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + H2O (t0)

nhiet o thng co hien tng

thu ong.
Khong tac dung vi kiem.
08/27/15

 ieu che
Kh oxyt (trong cac quang
hematit Fe2O3, manhetit Fe3O4).
ien phan muoi, thu kim loai
tinh khiet.
Nhiet phan phc cacbonyl
Fe(CO)5 Fe + 5CO (230-3300C)

ng dung
Dung
tac

che

08/27/15

tao

hp

kim,

xuc

CAC HP CHAT

CAC HP CHAT X(0)

The hien trong cac phc cacbonyl

Fe(CO)5, Co2(CO)8, Ni(CO)4.
Phc cacbonyl cua Fe, Co khong tan
trong nc, de phan huy nhiet, tan
trong cac dung moi hu c nh benzen,
etherPhc Ni phan huy 1800C.
Tham gia phan ng Ox-Kh.
Fe(CO)5 + Na Na2[Fe(CO)5] + CO
Fe(CO)5 + I2 Fe(CO)4I2 + CO

08/27/15


Lien ket
Fe-CO Fe(CO)

Lien ket
Fe-CO
lai hoa sp d, la
chat long
3

Co2(CO)8 lai hoa sp3d2

Trang thai tinh the

Ni(CO)4 lai hoa sp3, long.

08/27/15

CAC HP CHAT X (+2)

Hp chat Fe (2+)
n gian: FeO, Fe(OH)2, FeCl2
Phc chat: Phc cation [Fe(NH 3)6]+2...
Phc anion [Fe(CN)6]-4
So phoi tr ac trng: 6, phoi tr bat
dien.
Con co phoi tr 4, t dien [Fe(SCN) 4]-2
Fe(OH)2 va FeO khong tan trong nc,
khong phan ng vi kiem nhng phan
ng vi acid.
Fe(OH)2 /FeO + HCl FeCl2+ H2O

08/27/15

Muoi cua Fe(+2) de tan trong acid manh,

kho tan trong acid yeu, trong dung dch
co mau xanh cua dang phc aquo.
The hien tnh kh manh
FeO + O2 Fe2O3
Fe(OH)2 + O2 +H2O Fe(OH)3
Tnh base troi hn tnh acid nen phc
cation ben va ac trng hn phc anion.
VD: Fe2+ + H2O [Fe(H2O)6]+2
Phc [Fe(NH3)6]Cl2 ch ben dang ran
hay trong dung dch NH3 d, trong dd nc
khong ben.
[Fe(NH3)6]Cl2 + H2O Fe(OH)2 + NH4Cl + NH3

08/27/15

 Cac phc anion eu kem ben

(tr [Fe(CN)6]-4):
Na4[Fe(OH)6] NaOH + Fe(OH)2
Phc K4[Fe(CN)6] dung e th ion
Fe (+3) trong dung dch.
K4[Fe(CN)6] + Fe+3 KFe[Fe(CN)6] + K+
Xanh berlin

08/27/15

 Cac hp chat Co (+2)

n gian: CoO, Co(OH)2, CoCl2
Phc
chat:
[Co(H2O)6]+2,[Co(CN)6]-4,
[Fe(SCN)4]-2
So phoi tr ac trng: 6,4.
Con co phoi tr 4, t dien
Co(OH)2 va CoO khong tan trong nc,
kho phan ng vi kiem nhng
phan ng vi acid co tnh base.
Co tnh kh:
Co(OH)2 + H2O2 Co(OH)3

08/27/15

Tnh base troi hn tnh acid nen phc

cation ben va ac trng hn phc anion.
VD: Co2+ + H2O [Co(H2O)6]+2, phc va
dang hydrat cua muoi eu co mau
hong.
Khi mat nc, chuyen sang mau xanh do
tao phc nhieu nhan va thay oi ac
trng phoi tr:
CoCl2.6H2O (490C) CoCl2.4H2O (580C)
Hong Hong tm
CoCl2.2H2O (900C) CoCl2.H2O (1400C) CoCl2
Tm xanh

Xanh

08/27/15

Xanh

Cac phc anion t ac trng va kem ben,

ngang muoi kep, co cau truc t dien
(PT 4), b phan huy trong nc.
K2[Co(SCN)4] + H2O [Co(H2O)6](SCN)2 + KSCN
Xanh Hong
Cac phc spin thap eu co tnh kh
manh do co khuynh hng cho i 1 e e
tao phc ben hn.

1e
[Co(NH3)6]Cl2 +O2+H2O [Co(NH3)6]OH.Cl2 +OH-

08/27/15

Cac hp chat Ni (+2)

Dang phc co SPT ac trng la 6 (bat

dien), cung the hien tnh base troi hn
acid.
NiO-luc, Ni(OH)2-xanh, NiS-en, muoi khanvang.
Ngoai ra con co SPT 4.
[Ni(CN)4]-2 : Hnh vuong,
[Ni(Cl)4]-2: T
dien.
Ni(+2) hoa tan trong nc, hay oxyt va
hydroxyt Ni(+2) trong nc eu thu phc
aquo mau luc sang.
VD: NiCl2 + H2O [Ni(H2O)6]Cl2

08/27/15

Trong moi trng NH3 de tao phc

amiacat co mau xanh am.
VD: Ni(OH)2 + NH4OH [Ni(NH3)6](OH)2
+H2O
NiCl2 + NH3(k) [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2
Do o ngi ta hay dung NH4OH hay
NH4+ e hoa tan (chiet) Ni t
quang.

08/27/15

 CAC HP CHAT X (+3)

Fe3+
o
ben
Kha
nang
tao
phc

08/27/15

Co3+

Ni3+

Cac hp chat Fe (+3)

Dang phc co SPT 6: [Fe(H2O)6]+3, [Fe(OH)6]3

Dang phc co SPT 6: Fe2O3 (SPT 6-4), do
Fe3O4 la 6, FeO la 4.
Oxyt va hydroxyt co mau nau o, tnh
base troi hn acid.
Tan trong acid phc cation aquo [Fe(H2O)6]+3.
Tan trong dd kiem ac, hoac nong chay:
Fe(OH)3+ NaOH (r) NaFeO2 + H2O (nong
chay)
Ferite

08/27/15

Phc [Fe(H2O)6]+3 khong mau, con dang

muoi khan hydrat co mau tuy thuoc
goc anion.
Khi tang pH th o ben phc aquo
giam.

Muoi
a so de tan trong nc, de b thuy
phan, tuy theo pH dung dch.
VD: FeCl3 + H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl
Ben, the hien tnh oxy hoa khi gap
chat kh (trong moi trng acid).
VD: FeCl3 + KI /(H+) FeCl2 + KCl + I2.
08/27/15

FeCl3 co ng dung quan trong: Thuoc

cam mau, chat oxy hoa nhe (khac
ong), chat cam mau (nhuom).
Phc cation Fe(+3) kem ben hn
Fe(+2). Phc anion th ngc lai.
Phc [Fe(CN)6]-3 dung e th ion Fe
(+2) trong dung dch.
K3[Fe(CN)6] + Fe+2 KFe[Fe(CN)6] + 2K+
Xanh turbun
No cung la chat oxy hoa manh
trong moi trng kiem.
[Fe(CN)6]-3+ H2O2 + OH- [Fe(CN)6]4+O +H O
2
2
08/27/15

 Cac hp chat Co (+3)

Cac phc cation, anion, trung hoa eu
ac
trng
[Co(H2O)6]+3, [Co(CN)6]-3,
[Co(NH3)6]+3

Dang n gian ch co Co2O3 (hung

sam), va Co(OH)3 (nau hung) la
tng oi ben.
Co(OH)2+ O2 + H2O Co(OH)3
Dang Co(+3) khong ben v co tnh oxy
hoa kha manh:
Co(OH)3+ HCl CoCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
Co2O3+ H2SO4 CoSO4 + O2 + H2O
08/27/15

 Cac hp chat Ni (+3)

Thng t gap va khong ac
trng, nhng cung co the ieu
che c.
Ni(OH)2+ Br2 + KOH Ni(OH)3 + KBr
Cac hp chat Ni(+3) co tnh oxy
hoa manh.
Ni(OH)3+ HCl NiCl2 + Cl2 + H2O

08/27/15

Cac hp chat Fe (+6)

Fe2O3+ KNO3 + KOH K2FeO4 + KNO2 + H2O

Muoi FeO4-2 co tnh tan, cau truc giong
SO4-2 , mau o sam, tnh Ox rat manh
(hn ca MnO4-), dang dung dch b
phan huy (ca khi ot nong).
K2FeO4 + NH3 KFeO2 + N2 + KOH + H2O
K2FeO4 + H2O Fe(OH)2 + O2 + KOH
K2FeO4 (to) KFeO2 + O2 + K2O
H2FeO4 cha tach c dang t do.

08/27/15

 KET LUAN
o ben X (+2) tang t Fe en Ni.
o ben X (+3) giam t Fe en Ni.
Kha nang tao phc amiacat tang
t Fe en Ni.
Kha nang hoat ong giam t Fe
en Ni.
08/27/15