Flowers and

Reproduction

Reproduction
Produce offspring that have identical copies of the
parental genes.
Generate new individuals that are genetically
different from the parents.
Stable environment creates adaptability
Diverse species survive better genetically than
homogenous species
Asexual reproduction reproduce easily but not
good for dispersal.
Sexual reproduction requires 2 individuals with
diverse genes and maybe fit some may be not fit

Flowering Plant Life Cycle

is diploid in their flowers, meiosis gives rise to

haploid.
Spores, megaspore and microspore then undergo
mitosis to haploid gametophyte (plant) then produce
gametes megagamete (egg) and microgamete
(sperm) then fertilization to form zygote (2N) grow
into sporophyte
Oogamy

Microgametophyte (male) sperm smaller

Megagametophyte (female) egg large
Heterospory has 2 types of spores microspores and
megaspore
Alternation of Generation has S and G in the life
cycle alternation of heteromorphic generation 2
different organisms (alternants) S and G

Flower Structure
Flower a stem with leaflike structures
1. Appendages: sepals calyx, petals corolla,
stamens androecium, carpels gynoecium, pedicel
flower stalk, receptacle for attachment
Complete flower all four floral parts are present
Incomplete flower when 1 or 2 parts are
lacking
2. Sepals - outermost modified leaves , protect the
bud from bacteria and fungi, maintains humidity
and protects the nectar; petalloid colored sepals
for attraction
3. Petals inner whorl, together with sepals is
called the perianth, leaf like pigmented, no
fibers, thin, for attraction.

4. Stamens male, produce pollen from the anther (2N) of 4

long columns of tissue containingthe mmc or microscope mother
cells or microsporocytes that will undergo meiosis producing 4
microspores (N). Tapetum as nurse cells of microspore
development, tetrad microspore also called pollen with intine
(inner) wall and exine(outer) wall and of sporopollenin
waterproof, resistant to chemicals and for protection from
drying. It has germination pore with patterns (ridges, bumps,
spines) all contribute to fossilize strength of the pollen.
5. Carpels female
Stigma catches the pollen
Style elevates the stigma
Ovary produce the megaspore
Ovary wall, placenta, ovule funniculus, integument,
micropyle, nucellus (megasporangium) as mmc or
megasporocytes will undergo meiosis producing 4 megapores
3 degenarates 1 remains inside the carpel or ovule.

A. Gametophyte
Development

B. Fertilization
Syngamy plasmogamy fusion of protoplasm
Karyogamy fusion of nuclei
Pollen tube (3 nuclei) style ovule micropyle 1 synergid
Pollen breaks releasing 2 sperm cells, 1 sperm nucleus + 1 egg
= zygote (2N) only nuclear genes, 1 sperm + polar nuclei =
Endosperm (3N) mitosis without cytokinesis resulting to
Thousand of nuclei later cytokinesis that nourishess the zygote

C. Embryo and Seed

Development

D. Seed
Matured

ovule
Seed as to endosperm
1. Albuminous endosperm present e.g.
monocot
2. Exalbuminous no endosperm e.g.
dicot seeds

E. Fate of the
Megagametophyte

F. Fruit Development

G. Pollination
Transfer

of one pollen from one stigma

to another