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Functions of bones
They form the skeleton which gives the body
shape and form
They provide attachment for muscles & ligaments
They allow movements of the body
They provide protection for vital organs
They provide storage places for calcium salts
Production of blood cells in the red bone marrow
Compact
Short bones
Long bones
Long bone
Flat bone
Pneumatic bone
Sutural bones
Irregular bone
Patella
Sesamoid bone
Note!! the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by the epiphyseal cartilage
The Metaphysis: is the part of the diaphysis adjacent to the epiphyseal line
SKELETON
Axial skeleton:
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Appendicular skeleton:
Bones of upper limb & Shoulder girdle
Bones of lower limb & Pelvic girdle
Shoulder
girdle
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Coracoid process
spine
acromion
acromion
head
capitulum
trochlea
Metacarpal
bones
head
Carpal bones
head
Styloid
process
Styloid
process
Phalanges
Ulna
Radius
neck
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Hip bone
Head
u
i
l
Neck
Isc
m
hiu
Pubis
Femoral
condyles
b
sal
Tar
Tibial
condyles
Tibia
Fibula
es
on
Tibial
tuberosity
Metatarsal
bones
phalanges
Foot
SKULL
The skull is formed of two parts:
Brain box: the upper & posterior part of the skull
Facial skeleton: the anterior part of the skull
The skull is made up of 22 bones
1 movable bone, the mandible
21 immovable bones articulating
by fibrous joints (sutures)
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Vomer
Mandible
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Palatine bone
Inferior nasal concha
Orbit opening
Orbital openings
Anterior nasal aperture
Mental foramen
Anterior nasal
aperture
Mental foramen
Frontal bone
Pa
ri
et
al
bo
n
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Parietal foramen
Occipital bone
Te
Zygomatic
bone
Zygomatic
arch
po
ra
l
bo
ne
Temporal lines
O
cc
bo ipi
ne ta
l
Fr
o
bo nt
ne al
Par
iet
bon al
e
External auditory
meatus
Parietal
External occipital
protuberence
bones
Occipital bone
Hard palate
Alveolar arch
Foramen
ovale
Carotid
canal
Foramen
magnum
Jugular
foramen
Ethmoid bone
Foramen rotundum
Sphenoid bone
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Temporal bone
Jugular foramen
Occipital bone
Foramen
magnum
Characteristics of Vertebrae
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Body
Heart-shaped with
articular demifacets
Spinous
process
Transverse
processes
Show a foramen
transversarium
Vertebral
foramen
Foramen
transversarium
Cervical Vertebra
Bifid spine
Thoracic Vertebra
Lumbar Vertebra
Sacrum:
It is formed of 5 vertebrae that are fused together
Intervertebral foramina
These are notches in the upper and lower
borders of each pedicle of the vertebral
arch
Adjacent notches from an intervertebral
foramen for the passage of spinal nerves
Ribs
There are 12 pairs of ribs
All the ribs are attached at their posterior ends
to the vertebrae.
Anteriorly:
The upper 7 pairs (true ribs) are attached
directly to the sternum by their costal
cartilages
The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs (false ribs) are
attached to the 7th costal cartilage.
The 11th and 12th ribs (floating ribs) have
no anterior attachment.